{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T16:54:18Z","timestamp":1793120058923,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,21]],"date-time":"2024-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708473600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Beijing Hospitals Authority Clinical Medicine Development of Special Funding Support","award":["XMLX202125"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XMLX202125"]}]},{"name":"Beijing Hospitals Authority Clinical Medicine Development of Special Funding Support","award":["SYLH2023-04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SYLH2023-04"]}]},{"name":"Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University","award":["XMLX202125"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XMLX202125"]}]},{"name":"Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University","award":["SYLH2023-04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SYLH2023-04"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: HBV-specific T lymphocytes are pivotal in eliminating the hepatitis B virus (HBV) and regulating intrahepatic inflammatory reactions. Effective T cell responses curtail HBV infection; however, compromised immunity can result in persistent infection. Beyond the acute phase, the continued presence of antigens and inflammation leads to the increased expression of various inhibitory receptors, such as PD-1, CTLA-4, Tim-3, LAG3, 2B4, CD160, BTLA, and TIGIT. This escalates the dysfunction of and diminishes the immune and proliferative abilities of T cells. Methods: In this study, we reviewed English-language literature from PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus up to 9 July 2023. This paper aims to elucidate the inhibitory effects of these receptors on HBV-specific T lymphocytes and how immune function can be rejuvenated by obstructing the inhibitory receptor signaling pathway in chronic HBV patients. We also summarize the latest insights into related anti-HBV immunotherapy. Result: From 66 reviewed reports, we deduced that immunotherapy targeting inhibitory receptors on T cells is a reliable method to rejuvenate T cell immune responses in chronic HBV patients. However, comprehensive combination therapy strategies are essential for a functional cure. Conclusions: Targeting T cell suppressor receptors and combining immunotherapy with antiviral treatments may offer a promising approach towards achieving a functional cure, urging future research to prioritize effective combination therapeutic strategies for chronic HBV infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13051210","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,21]],"date-time":"2024-02-21T04:23:10Z","timestamp":1708489390000},"page":"1210","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["A Systematic Review of the Advances in the Study of T Lymphocyte Suppressor Receptors in HBV Infection: Potential Therapeutic Targets"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-4266-8152","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daqiong","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Third Unit, Department of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lili","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Third Unit, Department of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiangyu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Third Unit, Department of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Third Unit, Department of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Third Unit, Department of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6522-0093","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhenhuan","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Third Unit, Department of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00046-19","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00046-19","article-title":"Hepatitis B Virus: Advances in Prevention, Diagnosis, and Therapy","volume":"33","author":"Nguyen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. 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