{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T10:50:34Z","timestamp":1792234234817,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,25]],"date-time":"2024-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708819200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cardiac amyloidosis is caused by amyloid fibrils that deposit in the myocardial interstitium, causing restrictive cardiomyopathy and eventually death. The electromechanical, inflammatory, and autonomic changes due to amyloid deposition result in arrhythmias. Atrial fibrillation is by far the most common arrhythmia. The rate control strategy is generally poorly tolerated due to restrictive filling physiology and heart rate dependance, favoring adoption of the rhythm control strategy. Anticoagulation for stroke prophylaxis is warranted, irrespective of CHA2DS2-VASc score in patients with a favorable bleeding profile; data on left appendage closure devices are still insufficient. Ventricular arrhythmias are also not uncommon, and the role of implantable cardioverter-defibrillator in cardiac amyloidosis is controversial. There is no evidence of improvement in outcomes when used for primary prevention in these patients. Bradyarrhythmia is most commonly associated with sudden cardiac death in cardiac amyloidosis. Pacemaker implantation can help provide symptomatic relief but does not confer mortality benefit.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13051300","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,26]],"date-time":"2024-02-26T03:34:04Z","timestamp":1708918444000},"page":"1300","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Arrhythmias and Device Therapies in Cardiac Amyloidosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Syed","family":"Bukhari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Section of Vascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Syed Zamrak","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Section of Vascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7863-9240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed","family":"Ghoweba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Section of Vascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7533-7394","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bilal","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hospital Medicine, Temple University-Jeanes Campus, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1821-6622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zubair","family":"Bashir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hospital Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carpath.2015.07.008","article-title":"Cardiac amyloidosis: Pathology, nomenclature, and typing","volume":"24","author":"Maleszewski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2016.06.053","article-title":"AL (Light-Chain) Cardiac Amyloidosis: A Review of Diagnosis and Therapy","volume":"68","author":"Falk","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.120.245381","article-title":"Molecular Imaging of Cardiac Amyloidosis","volume":"61","author":"Masri","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-018-0034-3","article-title":"Systemic immunoglobulin light chain amyloidosis","volume":"4","author":"Merlini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2022.08.008","article-title":"Atrial Fibrillation, Thromboembolic Risk, and Anticoagulation in Cardiac Amyloidosis: A Review","volume":"29","author":"Bukhari","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Card. Fail."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19813","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M116.736736","article-title":"Cell Damage in Light Chain Amyloidosis: Fibril Internalization, Toxicity and Cell-Mediated Seeding","volume":"291","author":"Lin","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000126569.75419.74","article-title":"Human amyloidogenic light chains directly impair cardiomyocyte function through an increase in cellular oxidant stress","volume":"94","author":"Brenner","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2585","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehv338","article-title":"Wild-type transthyretin amyloidosis as a cause of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction","volume":"36","author":"Robles","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1097\/HPC.0000000000000183","article-title":"Transthyretin Cardiac Amyloidosis as Diagnosed by 99mTc-PYP Scanning in Patients with Acute Heart Failure and Preserved Ejection Fraction","volume":"18","author":"Horvath","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crit. Pathw. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2856","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.13360","article-title":"Prevalence of transthyretin amyloidosis in patients with heart failure and no left ventricular hypertrophy","volume":"8","author":"Devesa","year":"2021","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1404852","article-title":"The amyloidogenic V122I transthyretin variant in elderly black Americans","volume":"372","author":"Quarta","year":"2015","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11645","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-91113-6","article-title":"Association of the transthyretin variant V122I with polyneuropathy among individuals of African ancestry","volume":"11","author":"Parker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"13. Porcari, A., Razvi, Y., Masi, A., Patel, R., Ioannou, A., Rauf, M.U., Hutt, D.F., Rowczenio, D., Gilbertson, J., and Martinez-Naharro, A. (2023). Prevalence, characteristics and outcomes of older patients with hereditary versus wild-type transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy. Eur. J. Heart Fail., 25, 515\u2013524.","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.2776"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arvidsson, S., Pilebro, B., Westermark, P., Lindqvist, P., and Suhr, O.B. (2015). Amyloid Cardiomyopathy in Hereditary Transthyretin V30M Amyloidosis\u2014Impact of Sex and Amyloid Fibril Composition. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0143456"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1002\/path.2411","article-title":"Amyloid fibril composition is related to the phenotype of hereditary transthyretin V30M amyloidosis","volume":"216","author":"Ihse","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"659","article-title":"Clinical Predictors of positive Tc-99m pyrophosphate scan in patients hospitalized for decompensated heart failure","volume":"61","author":"Bukhari","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.12308","article-title":"Features of atrial fibrillation in wild-type transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis: A systematic review and clinical experience","volume":"5","author":"Mints","year":"2018","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.052136","article-title":"Prevalence of Atrial Fibrillation and Thromboembolic Risk in Wild-Type Transthyretin Amyloid Cardiomyopathy","volume":"143","author":"Bukhari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.117.309732","article-title":"Atrial Fibrillation: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Clinical Outcomes","volume":"120","author":"Staerk","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1740","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.13851","article-title":"Clinical features and predictors of atrial fibrillation in patients with light-chain or transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis","volume":"9","author":"Papathanasiou","year":"2022","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2370","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.285.18.2370","article-title":"Prevalence of diagnosed atrial fibrillation in adults: National implications for rhythm management and stroke prevention: The AnTicoagulation and Risk Factors in Atrial Fibrillation (ATRIA) Study","volume":"285","author":"Go","year":"2001","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2353","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.113233","article-title":"Diastolic dysfunction and risk of atrial fibrillation: A mechanistic appraisal","volume":"126","author":"Rosenberg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2091","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000034511.06350.DF","article-title":"Atrial amyloidosis: An arrhythmogenic substrate for persistent atrial fibrillation","volume":"106","author":"Peters","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2020.05.017","article-title":"Atrial Fibrillation in Transthyretin Cardiac Amyloidosis: The Growing Need to Look Forward","volume":"6","author":"Kumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"JACC Clin. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1080\/13506129.2018.1430027","article-title":"Reduced left atrial myocardial deformation irrespective of cavity size: A potential cause for atrial arrhythmia in hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis","volume":"25","author":"Henein","year":"2018","journal-title":"Amyloid"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2022.101571","article-title":"Epidemiology, Mechanisms, and Management of Atrial Fibrillation in Cardiac Amyloidosis","volume":"48","author":"Bukhari","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Probl. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.104.2.618","article-title":"Left ventricular systolic dysfunction precipitated by verapamil in cardiac amyloidosis","volume":"104","author":"Pollak","year":"1993","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1646","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(85)90996-8","article-title":"Selective binding of nifedipine to amyloid fibrils","volume":"55","author":"Gertz","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2893","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehad347","article-title":"Conventional heart failure therapy in cardiac ATTR amyloidosis","volume":"44","author":"Ioannou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.63.6.1285","article-title":"Digoxin sensitivity in amyloid cardiomyopathy","volume":"63","author":"Rubinow","year":"1981","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-55-6-989","article-title":"Cardiac amyloidosis. Two cases with digitalis sensitivity","volume":"55","author":"Cassidy","year":"1961","journal-title":"Ann. Intern Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1080\/13506129.2018.1449744","article-title":"Digoxin use in systemic light-chain (AL) amyloidosis: Contra-indicated or cautious use?","volume":"25","author":"Muchtar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Amyloid"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2021.07.028","article-title":"Management Strategies for Atrial Fibrillation and Flutter in Patients with Transthyretin Cardiac Amyloidosis","volume":"157","author":"Dale","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2020.04.019","article-title":"Atrial Fibrillation in Transthyretin Cardiac Amyloidosis: Predictors, Prevalence, and Efficacy of Rhythm Control Strategies","volume":"6","author":"Donnellan","year":"2020","journal-title":"JACC Clin. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.10.079","article-title":"Direct Current Cardioversion of Atrial Arrhythmias in Adults With Cardiac Amyloidosis","volume":"73","author":"Dispenzieri","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1111\/jce.13046","article-title":"Catheter Ablation for Atrial Arrhythmias in Patients With Cardiac Amyloidosis","volume":"27","author":"Tan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/euz314","article-title":"Atrial fibrillation ablation in patients with transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis","volume":"22","author":"Donnellan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Europace"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2420","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.697763","article-title":"Intracardiac thrombosis and embolism in patients with cardiac amyloidosis","volume":"116","author":"Feng","year":"2007","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2490","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.785014","article-title":"Intracardiac thrombosis and anticoagulation therapy in cardiac amyloidosis","volume":"119","author":"Feng","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.26599\/1671-5411.2023.05.006","article-title":"Cardiac amyloidosis: State-of-the-art review","volume":"20","author":"Bukhari","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Geriatr. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1080\/13506129.2020.1810010","article-title":"Anticoagulation with warfarin compared to novel oral anticoagulants for atrial fibrillation in adults with transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis: Comparison of thromboembolic events and major bleeding","volume":"28","author":"Mitrani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Amyloid"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.2566","article-title":"Systemic embolism in amyloid transthyretin cardiomyopathy","volume":"24","author":"Vilches","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(21)01889-1","article-title":"Bleeding risk associated with transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis","volume":"77","author":"Bukhari","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.13701","article-title":"Thromboembolism and bleeding in systemic amyloidosis: A review","volume":"9","author":"Nicol","year":"2022","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.10.057","article-title":"Persistence of Left Atrial Appendage Thrombus in Patients With Cardiac Amyloidosis","volume":"77","author":"Grogan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"503","article-title":"Cardiac amyloidosis and left atrial appendage closure. The CAMYLAAC study","volume":"76","author":"Mohandes","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rev. Esp. Cardiol. Engl. Ed."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"464","article-title":"Risks of Ventricular Tachyarrhythmia and Mortality in Patients with Amyloidosis\u2014A Long-Term Cohort Study","volume":"38","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Cardiol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/91.2.141","article-title":"The clinical features of immunoglobulin light-chain (AL) amyloidosis with heart involvement","volume":"91","author":"Dubrey","year":"1998","journal-title":"QJM Int. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2009.05.040","article-title":"Frequencies and types of arrhythmias in patients with systemic light-chain amyloidosis with cardiac involvement undergoing stem cell transplantation on telemetry monitoring","volume":"104","author":"Goldsmith","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1097\/01.TP.0000133517.20972.27","article-title":"Liver transplantation does not prevent the development of life-threatening arrhythmia in familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy, Portuguese-type (ATTR Val30Met) patients","volume":"78","author":"Wiklund","year":"2004","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jjcc.2023.02.009","article-title":"Prevalence of ventricular arrhythmias and role of implantable cardioverter-defibrillator in cardiac amyloidosis","volume":"81","author":"Bukhari","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e27","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.17399","article-title":"Ventricular tachyarrhythmias and sudden cardiac death in light-chain amyloidosis: A clash of cardio-toxicities?","volume":"193","author":"Zampieri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1007\/s00380-015-0658-0","article-title":"Late gadolinium enhancement in cardiac amyloidosis: Attributable both to interstitial amyloid deposition and subendocardial fibrosis caused by ischemia","volume":"31","author":"Hashimura","year":"2016","journal-title":"Heart Vessel."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.33963\/KP.15435","article-title":"Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators in cardiac amyloidosis: A grey zone requiring an individual approach","volume":"78","author":"Dorniak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Kardiol. Pol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li\u017cewska-Springer, A., S\u0142awi\u0144ski, G., and Lewicka, E. (2021). Arrhythmic Sudden Cardiac Death and the Role of Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator in Patients with Cardiac Amyloidosis-A Narrative Literature Review. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10091858"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2007.10.016","article-title":"Prophylactic implantation of cardioverter-defibrillator in patients with severe cardiac amyloidosis and high risk for sudden cardiac death","volume":"5","author":"Kristen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2013.10.026","article-title":"Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator placement in patients with cardiac amyloidosis","volume":"11","author":"Varr","year":"2014","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2016.07.254","article-title":"Outcome and incidence of appropriate implantable cardioverter-defibrillator therapy in patients with cardiac amyloidosis","volume":"222","author":"Hamon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1111\/jce.12123","article-title":"Implantable cardioverter defibrillators in patients with cardiac amyloidosis","volume":"24","author":"Lin","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e016038","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.120.016038","article-title":"Survival Following Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator Implantation in Patients with Amyloid Cardiomyopathy","volume":"9","author":"Higgins","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1111\/pace.14023","article-title":"Primary prevention implantable cardioverter-defibrillators in transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis","volume":"43","author":"Donnellan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1111\/pace.14458","article-title":"Ventricular arrhythmia burden and implantable cardioverter-defibrillator outcomes in transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis","volume":"45","author":"Brown","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olausson, E., Wertz, J., Fridman, Y., Bering, P., Maanja, M., Niklasson, L., Wong, T.C., Fukui, M., Cavalcante, J.L., and Cater, G. (2023). Diffuse myocardial fibrosis associates with incident ventricular arrhythmia in implantable cardioverter defibrillator recipients. medRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.02.15.23285925"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3997","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehac262","article-title":"ESC Scientific Document Group. 2022 ESC Guidelines for the management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death","volume":"43","author":"Zeppenfeld","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2015.09.016","article-title":"Electrophysiologic assessment of conduction abnormalities and atrial arrhythmias associated with amyloid cardiomyopathy","volume":"13","author":"Barbhaiya","year":"2016","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.51.6.658","article-title":"Disturbances of cardiac rhythm and conduction in familial amyloidosis with polyneuropathy","volume":"51","author":"Eriksson","year":"1984","journal-title":"Br. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.2533","article-title":"Incidence and risk factors for pacemaker implantation in light-chain and transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis","volume":"24","author":"Porcari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101912","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2023.101912","article-title":"Bradyarrhythmias in Cardiac Amyloidosis and Role of Pacemaker","volume":"48","author":"Bukhari","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Probl. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.051460","article-title":"Maternal Stroke: A Call for Action","volume":"143","author":"Elgendy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2978","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.14000","article-title":"Incidence and predictors of worsening heart failure in patients with wild-type transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis","volume":"9","author":"Ladefoged","year":"2022","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2020.04.020","article-title":"Cardiac Implantable Electronic Devices: A Window Into the Evolution of Conduction Disease in Cardiac Amyloidosis","volume":"6","author":"Rehorn","year":"2020","journal-title":"JACC Clin. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2427","DOI":"10.1111\/jce.14180","article-title":"Cardiac devices in patients with transthyretin amyloidosis: Impact on functional class, left ventricular function, mitral regurgitation, and mortality","volume":"30","author":"Donnellan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e017335","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.120.017335","article-title":"Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy for Transthyretin Cardiac Amyloidosis","volume":"9","author":"Donnellan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehu506","article-title":"A study of implanted cardiac rhythm recorders in advanced cardiac AL amyloidosis","volume":"36","author":"Sayed","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1007\/s12350-017-1059-9","article-title":"Imaging cardiac innervation in amyloidosis","volume":"26","author":"Slart","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2012.02.033","article-title":"Prophylactic pacemaker implantation in familial amyloid polyneuropathy","volume":"9","author":"Algalarrondo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ytz113","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjcr\/ytz113","article-title":"Percutaneous extraction of a leadless Micra pacemaker after dislocation: A case report","volume":"3","author":"Fichtner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e010249","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.119.010249","article-title":"Efficient 1-Hour Technetium-99 m Pyrophosphate Imaging Protocol for the Diagnosis of Transthyretin Cardiac Amyloidosis","volume":"13","author":"Masri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2023.07.003","article-title":"Insight into different phenotypic presentations of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction","volume":"79","author":"Bashir","year":"2023","journal-title":"Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"B79","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartjsupp\/suad079","article-title":"Monoclonal antibodies and amyloid removal as a therapeutic strategy for cardiac amyloidosis","volume":"25","author":"Emdin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J. Suppl."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/13\/5\/1300\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:04:36Z","timestamp":1760105076000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/13\/5\/1300"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,25]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm13051300"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm13051300","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,25]]}}}