{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:49:41Z","timestamp":1760143781845,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,28]],"date-time":"2024-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709078400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: There is little information regarding the hepatitis B virus (HBV), vaccination status, and hepatitis B exposure in Italian women\u2019s jails. We aimed to describe the HBV exposure and HBs antibody (anti-HBs) protection levels in female prisoners. Material and methods: A retrospective multicentric study was performed in Italian prisons from 2021 to 2023. Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to identify risk factors for HBc antibody (anti-HBc) seropositivity and non-protective anti-HBs titer. Results: We included 156 patients. The median age was 41.0 (IQR 34.0\u201348.0). Of the studied subjects, 31 (19.9%) had anti-HBc positive titer. Two women were HBsAg positive. In the multivariate analysis, older age [OR 1.06 (CI 1.01\u20131.11), p = 0.011], North-Eastern European [OR 11.67 (3.29\u201341.30), p &lt; 0.001] and African origin [OR 6.92 (CI 1.51\u201331.60), p = 0.013], and drug use [OR 6.55 (CI 1.96\u201321.9), p = 0.002] were risk factors for HBV exposure. Thirty-seven (32%) women had no history of HBV vaccination. Forty-four (38%) had an anti-HBs non-protective titer. In the multivariate analysis, North-Eastern European origin [OR 4.55 (CI 1.19\u201317.50), p = 0.027] was associated with unprotective anti-HBs titer. Conclusion: Our results show both the low prevalence of HBV and protection in female prisoners. Age, North-Eastern European and African origin, and drug use have a role in exposure risk to HBV.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13051398","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,29]],"date-time":"2024-02-29T02:59:39Z","timestamp":1709175579000},"page":"1398","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["HBV in Italian Women\u2019s Jail: An Underestimated Problem?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7988-5419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicholas","family":"Geremia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical Medicine, Ospedale Dell\u2019Angelo, 30174 Venice, Italy"},{"name":"Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical Medicine, Ospedale Civile \u201cS.S. Giovanni e Paolo\u201d, 30122 Venice, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-2134-3592","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federico","family":"Giovagnorio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8265-5400","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"De Vito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy"},{"name":"School in Biomedical Science, Biomedical Science Department, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Martignago","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7444-1920","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vito","family":"Fiore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Rastrelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicina Protetta-Unit of Infectious Diseases, Belcolle Hospital, 01100 Viterbo, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6099-2273","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giordano","family":"Madeddu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saverio Giuseppe","family":"Parisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giulio","family":"Starnini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicina Protetta-Unit of Infectious Diseases, Belcolle Hospital, 01100 Viterbo, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sandro","family":"Panese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical Medicine, Ospedale Dell\u2019Angelo, 30174 Venice, Italy"},{"name":"Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical Medicine, Ospedale Civile \u201cS.S. Giovanni e Paolo\u201d, 30122 Venice, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7291-8687","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergio","family":"Babudieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"4","article-title":"Viral Hepatitis B and Hepatocellular Carcinoma","volume":"74","author":"Michielsen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Gastroenterol. Belg."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2024, January 09). 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