{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T05:55:57Z","timestamp":1788501357133,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,29]],"date-time":"2024-02-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709164800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Italian Ministry of University and Research","award":["CN00000041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CN00000041"]}]},{"name":"Italian Ministry of University and Research","award":["PRIN P2022W577H_001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRIN P2022W577H_001"]}]},{"name":"Italian Ministry of University and Research","award":["CUP F53D23011320001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP F53D23011320001"]}]},{"name":"Italian Ministry of University and Research","award":["PSC SALUTE 2014\u20132020-POS4 \u201cCal-HubRia\u201d-T4-AN-09"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PSC SALUTE 2014\u20132020-POS4 \u201cCal-HubRia\u201d-T4-AN-09"]}]},{"name":"Italian Ministry of University and Research","award":["PNRR-MAD-2022-12376814"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PNRR-MAD-2022-12376814"]}]},{"name":"Italian Ministry of Health","award":["CN00000041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CN00000041"]}]},{"name":"Italian Ministry of Health","award":["PRIN P2022W577H_001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRIN P2022W577H_001"]}]},{"name":"Italian Ministry of Health","award":["CUP F53D23011320001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP F53D23011320001"]}]},{"name":"Italian Ministry of Health","award":["PSC SALUTE 2014\u20132020-POS4 \u201cCal-HubRia\u201d-T4-AN-09"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PSC SALUTE 2014\u20132020-POS4 \u201cCal-HubRia\u201d-T4-AN-09"]}]},{"name":"Italian Ministry of Health","award":["PNRR-MAD-2022-12376814"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PNRR-MAD-2022-12376814"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cardiovascular calcification is a multifactorial and complex process involving an array of molecular mechanisms eventually leading to calcium deposition within the arterial walls. This process increases arterial stiffness, decreases elasticity, influences shear stress events and is related to an increased risk of morbidity and mortality associated with cardiovascular disease. In numerous in vivo and in vitro models, warfarin therapy has been shown to cause vascular calcification in the arterial wall. However, the exact mechanisms of calcification formation with warfarin remain largely unknown, although several molecular pathways have been identified. Circulating miRNA have been evaluated as biomarkers for a wide range of cardiovascular diseases, but their exact role in cardiovascular calcification is limited. This review aims to describe the current state-of-the-art research on the impact of warfarin treatment on the development of vascular calcification and to highlight potential molecular targets, including microRNA, within the implicated pathways.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13051405","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,29]],"date-time":"2024-02-29T02:59:39Z","timestamp":1709175579000},"page":"1405","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Mechanisms of Cardiovascular Calcification and Experimental Models: Impact of Vitamin K Antagonists"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Chiara","family":"Siracusa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annarita","family":"Carino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Carabetta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-8020-2240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marzia","family":"Manica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jolanda","family":"Sabatino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1675-2093","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eleonora","family":"Cianflone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4774-0888","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabella","family":"Leo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2832-8150","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Strangio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4915-5084","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniele","family":"Torella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5388-942X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salvatore","family":"De Rosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918056","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.918056","article-title":"Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Pathogenesis of Vascular Calcification","volume":"9","author":"Rao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. 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