{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:50:32Z","timestamp":1760143832710,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]],"date-time":"2024-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709251200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Human genital papilloma virus infection is the most prevalent sexually transmitted infection in the world. It is estimated that more than 75% of sexually active women contract this infection in their lifetime. In 80% of young women, there is the clearance of the virus within 18\u201324 months. In developed countries, oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is now the most frequent human papilloma virus (HPV)-related cancer, having surpassed cervical cancer, and it is predicted that by 2030 most squamous cell carcinomas will be the HPV-related rather than non-HPV-related form. However, there are currently no screening programs for oral cavity infection. While the natural history of HPV infection in the cervix is well known, in the oropharynx, it is not entirely clear. Furthermore, the prevalence of HPV in the oropharynx is unknown. Published studies have found wide-ranging prevalence estimates of 2.6% to 50%. There are also conflicting results regarding the percentage of women presenting the same type of HPV at two mucosal sites, ranging from 0 to 60%. Additionally, the question arises as to whether oral infection can develop from genital HPV infection, through oral and genital contact or by self-inoculation, or whether it should be considered an independent event. However, there is still no consensus on these topics, nor on the relationship between genital and oral HPV infections. Therefore, this literature review aims to evaluate whether there is evidence of a connection between oral and cervical HPV, while also endorsing the usefulness of the screening of oral infection in patients with high-risk cervical HPV as a means of facilitating the diagnosis and early management of HPV-related oral lesions. Finally, this review emphasizes the recommendation for the use of the HPV vaccines in primary prevention in the male and female population as the most effective means of successfully counteracting the increasing incidence of OSCC to date.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13051429","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]],"date-time":"2024-03-01T03:31:23Z","timestamp":1709263883000},"page":"1429","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Analogies between HPV Behavior in Oral and Vaginal Cavity: Narrative Review on the Current Evidence in the Literature"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3522-4648","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miriam","family":"Dellino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Grazia","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dentistry Unit, Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6286-761X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"D\u2019Amato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Barbara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Otolaryngology, Department of Ophtalmology and Otolaryngology, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3453-5647","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Di Gennaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, Polyclinic of Bari, University Hospital Polyclinic, University of Bari, Piazza Giulio Cesare n. 11, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Annalisa","family":"Saracino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, Polyclinic of Bari, University Hospital Polyclinic, University of Bari, Piazza Giulio Cesare n. 11, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1543-2802","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio Simone","family":"Lagan\u00e0","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, \u201cPaolo Giaccone\u201d Hospital, Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9862-1619","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonella","family":"Vimercati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Malvasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vito Maurizio","family":"Malvasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dentistry Faculty, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2390-4582","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ettore","family":"Cicinelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2824-5435","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amerigo","family":"Vitagliano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1287-4285","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eliano","family":"Cascardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology Unit, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePRe-J), University of Bari, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70121 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvr.2023.200258","article-title":"Human papillomavirus genomics: Understanding carcinogenicity","volume":"15","author":"Nelson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Tumour Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dellino, M., Cascardi, E., Tomasone, V., Zaccaro, R., Maggipinto, K., Giacomino, M.E., De Nicolo, M., De Summa, S., Cazzato, G., and Scacco, S. (2022). Communications Is Time for Care: An Italian Monocentric Survey on Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Risk Information as Part of Cervical Cancer Screening. J. Pers. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12091387"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1186\/s13027-022-00465-9","article-title":"Lactobacillus crispatus M247 oral administration: Is it really an effective strategy in the management of papillomavirus-infected women?","volume":"17","author":"Dellino","year":"2022","journal-title":"Infect. Agent. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2201","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20160786","article-title":"The human papillomavirus replication cycle, and its links to cancer progression: A comprehensive review","volume":"131","author":"Graham","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2229","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-8049(02)00462-8","article-title":"New markers for cervical dysplasia to visualise the genomic chaos created by aberrant oncogenic papillomavirus infections","volume":"38","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20050369","article-title":"Molecular biology of human papillomavirus infection and cervical cancer","volume":"110","author":"Doorbar","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jis398","article-title":"Active squamous metaplasia of the cervical epithelium is associated with subsequent acquisition of human papillomavirus 16 infection among healthy young women","volume":"206","author":"Hwang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pvr.2016.12.001","article-title":"Squamous intraepithelial lesions of the anal squamocolumnar junction: Histopathological classification and HPV genotyping","volume":"3","author":"Clavero","year":"2017","journal-title":"Papillomavirus Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1053\/jcpa.2002.0551","article-title":"Oncocytic metaplasia of canine palatine ductal epithelium","volume":"126","author":"Wibbelt","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Comp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2010.01.016","article-title":"Beyond cervical cancer: Burden of other HPV-related cancers among men and women","volume":"46","author":"Chaturvedi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Adolesc. Health"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cascardi, E., Cazzato, G., Daniele, A., Silvestris, E., Cormio, G., Di Vagno, G., Malvasi, A., Loizzi, V., Scacco, S., and Pinto, V. (2022). Association between Cervical Microbiota and HPV: Could This Be the Key to Complete Cervical Cancer Eradication?. Biology, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology11081114"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1136\/ijgc-2023-004743","article-title":"Incidence of pre-neoplastic and neoplastic lesions of the cervix before and after the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"34","author":"Dellino","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Gynecol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2020.106335","article-title":"National implementation of HPV vaccination programs in low-resource countries: Lessons, challenges, and future prospects","volume":"144","author":"Tsu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1038\/s41388-023-02927-9","article-title":"HPV-associated oropharyngeal cancer: In search of surrogate biomarkers for early lesions","volume":"43","author":"Lim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1007\/s10147-023-02340-y","article-title":"Papillomaviruses and cancer: Commonalities and differences in HPV carcinogenesis at different sites of the body","volume":"28","author":"Egawa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bruno, M.T., Boemi, S., Caruso, G., Sgalambro, F., Ferlito, S., Cavallaro, A., Sudano, M.C., and Palumbo, M. (2023). Oral HPV Infection in Women with HPV-Positive Cervix Is Closely Related to Oral Sex. Diagnostics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13122096"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1586\/14737140.2015.957189","article-title":"The role of sexual behavior in head and neck cancer: Implications for prevention and therapy","volume":"15","author":"Rettig","year":"2015","journal-title":"Expert. Rev. Anticancer Ther."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, M., Gerend, M.A., Whittington, K.D., Collins, S.K., McKinney, S.L., Franca, M.C., Boyer, V.E., McKinnies, R.C., Chen, C.C., and Villegas, J. (2024). Factors associated with HPV-associated sexual risk behaviors among sexually active college students. J. Behav. Med., 1\u20138.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10865-023-00463-1"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.32481\/djph.2023.04.008","article-title":"Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) and the Current State of Oropharyngeal Cancer Prevention and Treatment","volume":"9","author":"Gribb","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dela J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2337","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.2337","article-title":"Transmission and clearance of human papillomavirus infection in the oral cavity and its role in oropharyngeal carcinoma\u2014A review","volume":"33","author":"Wierzbicka","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1212454","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2023.1212454","article-title":"Outcome differences in HPV-driven head and neck squamous cell carcinoma attributable to altered human leukocyte antigen frequencies","volume":"13","author":"Wichmann","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2408","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2014.55.1341","article-title":"Oral human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in HPV-positive patients with oropharyngeal cancer and their partners","volume":"32","author":"Gross","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/s13027-016-0066-9","article-title":"Concordance of oral HPV prevalence between patients with oropharyngeal cancer and their partners","volume":"11","author":"Tsao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect. Agent. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gonzalez-Moles, M.A., Aguilar-Ruiz, M., and Ramos-Garcia, P. (2022). Challenges in the Early Diagnosis of Oral Cancer, Evidence Gaps and Strategies for Improvement: A Scoping Review of Systematic Reviews. Cancers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14194967"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dzundova, M.N., Sehnal, B., Zikan, M., Kocian, R., Dubova, O., Hubka, P., Dostalek, L., Kabele, P., Brtnicky, T., and Slama, J. (2023). Risk Factors for the Anal and Oral Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infections among Women with Severe Cervical Lesions: A Prospective Case-Control Study. Biomedicines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11123183"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1186\/s13027-023-00539-2","article-title":"Oral-genital HPV infection transmission, concordance of HPV genotypes and genital lesions among spouses\/ partners of patients diagnosed with HPV-related head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC): A scoping review","volume":"18","author":"Kalinganire","year":"2023","journal-title":"Infect. Agent. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cossellu, G., Fedele, L., Badaoui, B., Angiero, F., Farronato, G., Monti, E., Liverani, C.A., Gorni, C., and Botti, S. (2018). Prevalence and concordance of oral and genital HPV in women positive for cervical HPV infection and in their sexual stable partners: An Italian screening study. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0205574"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.11138\/orl\/2017.10.3.209","article-title":"HPV infection in the oral cavity: Epidemiology, clinical manifestations and relationship with oral cancer","volume":"10","author":"Candotto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oral Implantol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1097\/00008469-200012000-00010","article-title":"Tonsillar and other upper aerodigestive tract cancers among cervical cancer patients and their husbands","volume":"9","author":"Hemminki","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer Prev."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1928","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa302","article-title":"Directionality of Genital Human Papillomavirus Infection Transmission Within Heterosexual Couples: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"222","author":"Balaji","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giuliani, E., Rollo, F., Dona, M.G., and Garbuglia, A.R. (2021). Human Papillomavirus Oral Infection: Review of Methodological Aspects and Epidemiology. Pathogens, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10111411"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2959","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-14-0386","article-title":"Sexual transmission of oral human papillomavirus infection among men","volume":"23","author":"Dahlstrom","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2017.07.006","article-title":"Concordance of Beta-papillomavirus across anogenital and oral anatomic sites of men: The HIM Study","volume":"510","author":"Nunes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2017.03.030","article-title":"Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis: A state-of-the-art review","volume":"126","author":"Fortes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"664","article-title":"Risk assessment of chronic HPV HR infection in babies who contacted the virus in the perinatal period","volume":"82","author":"Tarka","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ginekol. Pol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-017-2958-z","article-title":"The presence of human papillomavirus (HPV) in placenta and\/or cord blood might result in Th2 polarization","volume":"36","author":"Koskimaa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pvr.2016.07.001","article-title":"Human papillomavirus (HPV) perinatal transmission and risk of HPV persistence among children: Design, methods and preliminary results of the HERITAGE study","volume":"2","author":"Trottier","year":"2016","journal-title":"Papillomavirus Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2227","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-06343-z","article-title":"Maternal HPV-antibodies and seroconversion to HPV in children during the first 3 years of life","volume":"12","author":"Syrjanen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2014.2226","article-title":"The paediatric story of human papillomavirus (Review)","volume":"8","author":"Mammas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oncol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-022-00603-7","article-title":"HPV-associated oropharyngeal cancer: Epidemiology, molecular biology and clinical management","volume":"19","author":"Lechner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Louvanto, K., Rautava, J., Willberg, J., Wideman, L., Syrjanen, K., Grenman, S., and Syrjanen, S. (2013). Genotype-specific incidence and clearance of human papillomavirus in oral mucosa of women: A six-year follow-up study. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0053413"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1158\/1940-6207.CAPR-14-0296","article-title":"Long-term persistence of oral human papillomavirus type 16: The HPV Infection in Men (HIM) study","volume":"8","author":"Kreimer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer Prev. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01349","article-title":"The Role of HLA-G in Human Papillomavirus Infections and Cervical Carcinogenesis","volume":"11","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.31027","article-title":"Immune evasion mechanisms of human papillomavirus: An update","volume":"142","author":"Steinbach","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2458","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.33171","article-title":"Association of genomic variants at the human leukocyte antigen locus with cervical cancer risk, HPV status and gene expression levels","volume":"147","author":"Ramachandran","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42216","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.9916","article-title":"Pooled analysis of genome-wide association studies of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 3 (CIN3) identifies a new susceptibility locus","volume":"7","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1159\/000494985","article-title":"From HPV Infection to Lesion Progression: The Role of HLA Alleles and Host Immunity","volume":"63","author":"Paaso","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Cytol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1077","DOI":"10.1002\/cti2.1077","article-title":"Intercellular transfer of HLA-G: Its potential in cancer immunology","volume":"8","author":"Lin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.ai.2015.04.001","article-title":"HLA-G: An Immune Checkpoint Molecule","volume":"127","author":"Carosella","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11520","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.21.11520","article-title":"Direct evidence to support the role of HLA-G in protecting the fetus from maternal uterine natural killer cytolysis","volume":"94","author":"Goncalves","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2012.11.021","article-title":"Multiple steps of HLA-G in ovarian carcinoma metastasis: Alter NK cytotoxicity and induce matrix metalloproteinase-15 (MMP-15) expression","volume":"74","author":"Lin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1536","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1300438","article-title":"Binding of HLA-G to ITIM-bearing Ig-like transcript 2 receptor suppresses B cell responses","volume":"192","author":"Naji","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trim.2014.12.004","article-title":"Suppression of human macrophage-mediated cytotoxicity by transgenic swine endothelial cell expression of HLA-G","volume":"32","author":"Esquivel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transpl. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1111\/tan.12359","article-title":"HLA-G 3\u2019 untranslated region polymorphisms influence the susceptibility for human papillomavirus infection","volume":"84","author":"Xu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Tissue Antigens"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2013.10.018","article-title":"Human leucocyte antigen-G polymorphisms are associated with cervical squamous cell carcinoma risk in Taiwanese women","volume":"50","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2011.01.010","article-title":"Human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-E and HLA-G polymorphisms in human papillomavirus infection susceptibility and persistence","volume":"72","author":"Ferguson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hum. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E312","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.27356","article-title":"Human leukocyte antigen G polymorphism is associated with an increased risk of invasive cancer of the uterine cervix","volume":"131","author":"Ferguson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1159\/000334089","article-title":"Altered HLA class I and HLA-G expression is associated with IL-10 expression in patients with cervical cancer","volume":"79","author":"Galeano","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pathobiology"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2007.03.041","article-title":"Expression of human leukocyte antigen-G and its correlation with interleukin-10 expression in cervical carcinoma","volume":"98","author":"Yoon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Gynaecol. Obstet."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"125","article-title":"Human Leukocyte Antigen-G (HLA-G) Expression in Precancerous and Cancerous Cervical Lesions: Association with Human Papilloma Virus Infection and Host Immune Response","volume":"25","author":"Fahim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1177\/1933719110369183","article-title":"Human leukocyte antigen-G (HLA-G) expression in cervical lesions: Association with cancer progression, HPV 16\/18 infection, and host immune response","volume":"17","author":"Dong","year":"2010","journal-title":"Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-0039.2010.01607.x","article-title":"Up-regulation of HLA-G expression in cervical premalignant and malignant lesions","volume":"77","author":"Zheng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Tissue Antigens"},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"748","article-title":"Association of HLA-DRB1\/DQB1 polymorphism with high-risk HPV infection and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia women from Shanghai","volume":"11","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Exp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2007.02.013","article-title":"HLA-DQB1 polymorphisms and risk for cervical cancer: A case-control study in a southern Chinese population","volume":"105","author":"Chan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gynecol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1838","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-15-0534","article-title":"A Novel Risk Locus at 6p21.3 for Epstein-Barr Virus-Positive Hodgkin Lymphoma","volume":"24","author":"Urayama","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.27794","article-title":"Genetic variants in five novel loci including CFB and CD40 predispose to chronic hepatitis B","volume":"62","author":"Jiang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3229","article-title":"Association of HLA-DRB1-restricted CD4(+) T cell responses with HIV immune control","volume":"19","author":"Ranasinghe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2012.12.024","article-title":"A genome-wide association study of HCV-induced liver cirrhosis in the Japanese population identifies novel susceptibility loci at the MHC region","volume":"58","author":"Urabe","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1038\/352723a0","article-title":"High risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix for women with HLA-DQw3","volume":"352","author":"Wank","year":"1991","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-023-02197-y","article-title":"The HLA ligandome of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas reveals shared tumour-exclusive peptides for semi-personalised vaccination","volume":"128","author":"Muhlenbruch","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.21037\/gpm-20-10","article-title":"The vaginal microbiota, high-risk human papillomavirus infection, and cervical cytology: Results from a population-based study","volume":"3","author":"McKee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gynecol. Pelvic Med."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273516","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2023.1273516","article-title":"Implications of oral dysbiosis and HPV infection in head and neck cancer: From molecular and cellular mechanisms to early diagnosis and therapy","volume":"13","author":"Constantin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Komlos, G., Csurgay, K., Horvath, F., Pelyhe, L., and Nemeth, Z. (2021). Periodontitis as a risk for oral cancer: A case-control study. BMC Oral Health, 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-021-01998-y"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Inchingolo, F., Inchingolo, A.M., Malcangi, G., De Leonardis, N., Sardano, R., Pezzolla, C., de Ruvo, E., Di Venere, D., Palermo, A., and Inchingolo, A.D. (2023). The Benefits of Probiotics on Oral Health: Systematic Review of the Literature. Pharmaceuticals, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16091313"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peter, T.K., Withanage, M.H.H., Comnick, C.L., Pendleton, C., Dabdoub, S., Ganesan, S., Drake, D., Banas, J., Xie, X.J., and Zeng, E. (2022). Systematic review and meta-analysis of oral squamous cell carcinoma associated oral microbiome. Front. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.968304"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2925","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-82465-0","article-title":"Parvimonas micra, Peptostreptococcus stomatis, Fusobacterium nucleatum and Akkermansia muciniphila as a four-bacteria biomarker panel of colorectal cancer","volume":"11","author":"Osman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-80859-0","article-title":"Differences in the bacteriome of swab, saliva, and tissue biopsies in oral cancer","volume":"11","author":"Gopinath","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"12983","article-title":"Structural difference analysis of adult\u2019s intestinal flora basing on the 16S rDNA gene sequencing technology","volume":"24","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Granato, D.C., Neves, L.X., Trino, L.D., Carnielli, C.M., Lopes, A.F.B., Yokoo, S., Pauletti, B.A., Domingues, R.R., Sa, J.O., and Persinoti, G. (2021). Meta-omics analysis indicates the saliva microbiome and its proteins associated with the prognosis of oral cancer patients. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Proteins Proteom., 1869.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbapap.2021.140659"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614448","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.614448","article-title":"Dysbiosis of Oral Microbiota During Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Development","volume":"11","author":"Sarkar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1111\/omi.12403","article-title":"Role of oral microbiome in oral oncogenesis, tumor progression, and metastasis","volume":"38","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Oral Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034520909312","article-title":"Porphyromonas gingivalis Promotes Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Progression in an Immune Microenvironment","volume":"99","author":"Wen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345211067401","article-title":"Treponema denticola Promotes OSCC Development via the TGF-beta Signaling Pathway","volume":"101","author":"Peng","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Talapko, J., Juzbasic, M., Matijevic, T., Pustijanac, E., Bekic, S., Kotris, I., and Skrlec, I. (2021). Candida albicans-The Virulence Factors and Clinical Manifestations of Infection. J. Fungi, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof7020079"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1111\/jop.13014","article-title":"The role of Candida albicans candidalysin ECE1 gene in oral carcinogenesis","volume":"49","author":"Ahmad","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Oral Pathol. Med."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, X., Zhang, W., Wu, W., Wu, S., Young, A., and Yan, Z. (2023). Is Candida albicans a contributor to cancer? A critical review based on the current evidence. Microbiol. Res., 272.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2023.127370"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, X., Wu, S., Wu, W., Zhang, W., Li, L., Liu, Q., and Yan, Z. (2023). Candida albicans Promotes Oral Cancer via IL-17A\/IL-17RA-Macrophage Axis. mBio, 14.","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.00447-23"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7073","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.12.7073-7080.2002","article-title":"Interleukin-18 and gamma interferon production by oral epithelial cells in response to exposure to Candida albicans or lipopolysaccharide stimulation","volume":"70","author":"Rouabhia","year":"2002","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1136\/ijgc-2023-004275","article-title":"Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination: A call for action in Italy","volume":"33","author":"Bogani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Gynecol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2001659","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2021.26.50.2001659","article-title":"Human papillomavirus vaccination in the European Union\/European Economic Area and globally: A moral dilemma","volume":"26","author":"Colzani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"ref_91","first-page":"61","article-title":"HPV related diseases in males: A heavy vaccine-preventable burden","volume":"54","author":"Canepa","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Prev. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2018.1512453","article-title":"Disparities in HPV vaccination rates and HPV prevalence in the United States: A review of the literature","volume":"15","author":"Hirth","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccin. Immunother."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(18)30836-2","article-title":"Impact of scaled up human papillomavirus vaccination and cervical screening and the potential for global elimination of cervical cancer in 181 countries, 2020\u20132099: A modelling study","volume":"20","author":"Simms","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2018.08.033","article-title":"SPERANZA project: HPV vaccination after treatment for CIN2","volume":"151","author":"Ghelardi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gynecol. Oncol."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/13\/5\/1429\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:07:40Z","timestamp":1760105260000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/13\/5\/1429"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]]},"references-count":94,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm13051429"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm13051429","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2077-0383"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]]}}}