{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T13:30:11Z","timestamp":1793712611510,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]],"date-time":"2024-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709251200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Multisegmental pathologic autofusion occurs in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH). It may lead to reduced vertebral bone density due to stress shielding. Methods: This study aimed to determine the effects of autofusion on bone density by measuring Hounsfield units (HU) in the mobile and immobile spinal segments of patients with AS and DISH treated at a tertiary care center. The mean HU was calculated for five distinct regions\u2014cranial adjacent mobile segment, cranial fused segment, mid-construct fused segment, caudal fused segment, and caudal adjacent mobile segment. Means for each region were compared using paired-sample t-tests. Multivariable regression was used to determine independent predictors of mid-fused segment HUs. Results: One hundred patients were included (mean age 76 \u00b1 11 years, 74% male). The mean HU for the mid-construct fused segment (100, 95% CI [86, 113]) was significantly lower than both cranial and caudal fused segments (174 and 108, respectively; both p &lt; 0.001), and cranial and caudal adjacent mobile segments (195 and 115, respectively; both p &lt; 0.001). Multivariable regression showed the mid-construct HUs were predicted by history of smoking (\u221230 HU, p = 0.009). Conclusions: HUs were significantly reduced in the middle of long-segment autofusion, which was consistent with stress shielding. Such shielding may contribute to the diminution of vertebral bone integrity in AS\/DISH patients and potentially increased fracture risk.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13051430","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]],"date-time":"2024-03-01T03:31:23Z","timestamp":1709263883000},"page":"1430","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Significant Reduction in Bone Density as Measured by Hounsfield Units in Patients with Ankylosing Spondylitis or Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4611-4268","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Swart","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-3609-7229","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdelrahman","family":"Hamouda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8012-860X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zach","family":"Pennington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikita","family":"Lakomkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony L.","family":"Mikula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael L.","family":"Martini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahnoor","family":"Shafi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thirusivapragasam","family":"Subramaniam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arjun S.","family":"Sebastian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brett A.","family":"Freedman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmad N.","family":"Nassr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeremy L.","family":"Fogelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin D.","family":"Elder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15013","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2015.13","article-title":"Axial spondyloarthritis","volume":"1","author":"Sieper","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. 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