{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:50:56Z","timestamp":1760143856477,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,2]],"date-time":"2024-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709337600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: There are many reports about variations in the menstrual cycle after infection with SARS-CoV-2 or vaccination against it. However, data on SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination-related changes in menstruation-associated endometriosis-typical symptoms such as dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia, dyschezia, dysuria, and bloating are rare or missing. Methods: This retrospective study was performed as an online survey among employees and students at the University Hospital Ulm, Germany. Changes regarding the presence of mentioned symptoms and after immunization (vaccination and\/or infection) were evaluated with the McNemar Test. Additionally, the risk factors associated with these changes and associations between a subjectively perceived general change in menstruation and changes in the symptoms were evaluated. Results: A total of 1589 respondents were included in the final analysis. Less than 4% of respondents reported the occurrence of new symptoms that they had not experienced before immunization. Overall, there was a significant reduction in the presence of dysmenorrhea, back pain, dyschezia, bloating, and dyspareunia after immunization against coronavirus (p &lt; 0.001). Only 2.3% of all participants reported to have been diagnosed with endometriosis. Factors associated with changes in endometriosis-typical symptoms following immunization were body mass index, age, endometriosis, and thyroid disease. Conclusions: Our results provide unique data about a reduction in the incidence of endometriosis-associated symptoms as dysmenorrhea, dyschezia, and dyspareunia after immunization against COVID-19.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13051459","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,4]],"date-time":"2024-03-04T04:36:21Z","timestamp":1709526981000},"page":"1459","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Changes in Endometriosis-Associated Symptoms Following Immunization against SARS-CoV-2: A Cross-Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9336-2267","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan","family":"Lukac","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Ulm, Prittwitzstrasse 43, 89075 Ulm, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4773-8067","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas W. P.","family":"Friedl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Ulm, Prittwitzstrasse 43, 89075 Ulm, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tobias","family":"Gruber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Ulm, Prittwitzstrasse 43, 89075 Ulm, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marinus","family":"Schmid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Ulm, Prittwitzstrasse 43, 89075 Ulm, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Leinert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Ulm, Prittwitzstrasse 43, 89075 Ulm, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Janni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Ulm, Prittwitzstrasse 43, 89075 Ulm, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katharina","family":"Hancke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Ulm, Prittwitzstrasse 43, 89075 Ulm, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1589-2016","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davut","family":"Dayan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Ulm, Prittwitzstrasse 43, 89075 Ulm, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.23743","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic Restrictions on Pregnancy Duration and Outcome in Melbourne, Australia","volume":"58","author":"Rolnik","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. 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