{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T18:02:59Z","timestamp":1790877779673,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,4]],"date-time":"2024-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709510400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a disorder of gut\u2013brain interaction (DGBI), and associated co-morbidities worsen quality of life. Research concerning IBS co-morbidities in different racial\/ethnic groups is very sparse. This study aimed to determine the prevalence rates of co-morbidities and possible differences in a multiracial\/ethnic IBS cohort. Methods: Based on ICD-9-coded IBS diagnosis, 740 outpatients (\u226518 years) were included in this retrospective study at Boston Medical Center. Demographics and ICD-9-coded co-morbidities were extracted from electronic records. Descriptive statistics and multiple logistic regression were used for data analyses. Results: The most prevalent co-morbidities in this IBS cohort included gastroesophageal reflux disorder (GERD) (30%), depression (27%), anxiety (23%), (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) COPD\/asthma (16%), and obesity (10%). GERD was more prevalent in Hispanics and Blacks (p = 0.0005), and non-ulcer dyspepsia (NUD) was more prevalent in Blacks and Asians (p = 0.003). Higher rates of diabetes mellitus type 2 (DMT2) (p = 0.0003) and depression (p = 0.03), but not anxiety (p = 0.9), were present in Blacks and Hispanics. GERD was significantly associated with Hispanics (p = 0.003), dependent on age, overweight, and obesity. NUD was significantly associated with Blacks (p = 0.01) and Asians (p = 0.006), independent of sex, age, and BMI. Cancer of the thyroid, ovaries, and testis occurred at a five-fold higher rate than expected. Conclusions: Significant racial\/ethnic differences exist for IBS co-morbidities in this study cohort, including depression, DMT2, GERD, and NUD. Certain cancers were found to be more frequent in this IBS sample as compared with the general population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13051482","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,4]],"date-time":"2024-03-04T10:11:57Z","timestamp":1709547117000},"page":"1482","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Co-Morbidities of Irritable Bowel Syndrome in a Racially and Ethnically Diverse Population"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Christina","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Supriya","family":"Rao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrated Gastroenterology Consultants, Lawrence, MA 01841, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Howard J.","family":"Cabral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9005-6988","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Horst Christian","family":"Weber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.02.032","article-title":"Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders: History, Pathophysiology, Clinical Features, and Rome IV","volume":"150","author":"Drossman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-020-0286-8","article-title":"Global burden of irritable bowel syndrome: Trends, predictions and risk factors","volume":"17","author":"Black","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. 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