{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T06:34:46Z","timestamp":1792305286894,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,6]],"date-time":"2024-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709683200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this comprehensive review, we delve into the significance of multimodal imaging in diagnosing and managing complications of congenital optic disc anomalies. While the fundus examination is the gold standard tool in the diagnosis of these pathologies, spectral domain (SD) optical coherence tomography (OCT) and optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) could shed light on the pathogenesis and treatment. Moreover, this review seeks to offer a comprehensive insight into the multimodal approach of these rare congenital pathologies. In conclusion, congenital anomalies of the optic nerve represent a major challenge for ophthalmologists. Further research could be useful to clarify the pathophysiology of these diseases and define a correct and more specific treatment approach.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13051509","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,6]],"date-time":"2024-03-06T04:03:50Z","timestamp":1709697830000},"page":"1509","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Congenital Optic Disc Anomalies: Insights from Multimodal Imaging"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4253-1929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gilda","family":"Cennamo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, University of Naples \u201cFederico II\u201d, 80138 Napoli, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples \u201cFederico II\u201d, 80138 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1823-1686","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michele","family":"Rinaldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, University of Naples \u201cFederico II\u201d, 80138 Napoli, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples \u201cFederico II\u201d, 80138 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Concilio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Health Sciences \u201cV. Tiberio\u201d, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8477-6188","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ciro","family":"Costagliola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, University of Naples \u201cFederico II\u201d, 80138 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1097\/ICU.0000000000000425","article-title":"Congenital anomalies of the optic disc: Insights from optical coherence tomography imaging","volume":"28","author":"Cestari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. 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