{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T12:38:54Z","timestamp":1791722334404,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":154,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,6]],"date-time":"2024-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709683200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Portal vein thrombosis (PVT) is a rare disease with an estimated incidence of 2 to 4 cases per 100,000 inhabitants. The most common predisposing conditions for PVT are chronic liver diseases (cirrhosis), primary or secondary hepatobiliary malignancy, major infectious or inflammatory abdominal disease, or myeloproliferative disorders. Methods: PVT can be classified on the basis of the anatomical site, the degree of venous occlusion, and the timing and type of presentation. The main differential diagnosis of PVT, both acute and chronic, is malignant portal vein invasion, most frequently by hepatocarcinoma, or constriction (typically by pancreatic cancer or cholangiocarcinoma). Results: The management of PVT is based on anticoagulation and the treatment of predisposing conditions. The aim of anticoagulation in acute thrombosis is to prevent the extension of the clot and enable the recanalization of the vein to avoid the development of complications, such as intestinal infarction and portal hypertension. Conclusions: The treatment with anticoagulant therapy favors the reduction of portal hypertension, and this allows for a decrease in the risk of bleeding, especially in patients with esophageal varices. The anticoagulant treatment is generally recommended for at least three to six months. Prosecution of anticoagulation is advised until recanalization or lifelong if the patient has an underlying permanent pro-coagulant condition that cannot be corrected or if there is thrombosis extending to the mesenteric veins.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13051517","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,6]],"date-time":"2024-03-06T08:43:14Z","timestamp":1709714594000},"page":"1517","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":71,"title":["Portal Vein Thrombosis: State-of-the-Art Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9303-7790","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Boccatonda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine, Bentivoglio Hospital, Azienda Unit\u00e0 Sanitaria Locale (AUSL) Bologna, 40010 Bentivoglio, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simone","family":"Gentilini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Department, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico di Sant\u2019Orsola, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"Zanata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Department, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico di Sant\u2019Orsola, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Simion","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General Medicine and Thrombotic and Hemorrhagic Diseases Unit, Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5555-0745","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla","family":"Serra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interventional, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Ultrasound Unit, IRCCS, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6744-383X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Simioni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General Medicine and Thrombotic and Hemorrhagic Diseases Unit, Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8264-1845","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabio","family":"Piscaglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"Division of Internal Medicine, Hepatobiliary and Immunoallergic Diseases, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Campello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General Medicine and Thrombotic and Hemorrhagic Diseases Unit, Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Walter","family":"Ageno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center on Thromboembolic Diseases and Antithrombotic Therapies, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1182\/hematology.2023000481","article-title":"How to manage splanchnic vein thrombosis in patients with liver disease","volume":"2023","author":"Riva","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hematology Am. 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