{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T02:04:14Z","timestamp":1792202654434,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,7]],"date-time":"2024-03-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709769600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The management of spinal deformities diagnosed before the age of 10 is critical due to the child\u2019s development, skeletal system, and growth mechanism. Magnetically controlled growing rods (MCGRs) are a surgical treatment option for the growing spine. The aim of this study was to analyze the radiological findings of patients treated with MCGRs for early-onset scoliosis (EOS) of various etiologies. We hypothesized that the MCGRs could provide acceptable long-term radiographic results, such as an increase in the T1\u2013T12 and T1\u2013S1 height and significant overall deformity correction. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 161 EOS patients with a combined total of 302 MCGRs inserted at five institutions between 2016 and 2022 with a mean follow-up of at least two years. The Cobb angle of the major curve (MC), thoracic kyphosis (TK), lumbar lordosis (LL), and T1\u2013T12 and T1\u2013S1 height measurements were assessed before, after, and during the follow-up. Results: Among the 90 female and 71 male patients, there were 51 neurological, 42 syndromic, 58 idiopathic, and ten congenital scoliosis etiologies. Of the patients, 73 were aged under six years old. The mean follow-up time was 32.8 months. The mean age at placement of the MCGRs was 7 years and that at the last follow-up after fusion surgery was 14.5 years. The mean MC before the initial surgery was 86.2\u00b0; following rod implantation, it was 46.9\u00b0, and at the last follow-up visit, it was 45.8\u00b0. The mean correction rate among the etiology subgroups was from 43% to 50% at follow-up. The mean TK was noted as 47.2\u00b0 before MCGR implantation, 47.1\u00b0 after MCGR placement, and 44.5\u00b0 at the last follow-up visit. The mean T1\u2013T12 height increased by 5.95 mm per year, with a mean T1\u2013S1 height of 10.1 mm per year. Conclusions: MCGR treatment allowed for an average correction of the curvature by 50% during the period of lengthening, while controlling any deformity and growth of the spine, with a significant increase in the T1\u2013T12 and T1\u2013S1 values during the observation period. MCGR treatment in EOS carries a risk of complications. While congenital and syndromic EOS often have short and less flexible curves in those groups of patients, single rods can be as effective and safe. Definitive fusion results in the mean final coronal correction between the start of MCGR treatment and after undergoing PSF of approximately 70%. The mean T1\u2013T12 spinal height increased by 75 mm, while the T1\u2013S1 spinal height gained a mean of 97 mm.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13061529","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,7]],"date-time":"2024-03-07T04:19:02Z","timestamp":1709785142000},"page":"1529","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Radiological Outcomes of Magnetically Controlled Growing Rods for the Treatment of Children with Various Etiologies of Early-Onset Scoliosis\u2014A Multicenter Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7059-2935","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pawel","family":"Grabala","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology, University Children\u2019s Hospital, Medical University of Bialystok, Waszyngtona 17, 15-274 Bialystok, Poland"},{"name":"Paley European Institute, Al. Rzeczypospolitej 1, 02-972 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4711-4377","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Munish C.","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, 660 S Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6356-9830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel E.","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, 660 S Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7919-0294","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michal","family":"Latalski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatric Orthopaedic Department, Medical University of Lublin, Gebali 6, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0884-7498","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Danielewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatric Orthopaedic Department, Medical University of Lublin, Gebali 6, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pawel","family":"Glowka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Spine Disorders and Pediatric Orthopaedics, Pozna\u0144 University of Medical Sciences, 28 Czerwca 1956 r. Street, no. 135\/147, 61-545 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michal","family":"Grabala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2nd Clinical Department of General and Gastroenterogical Surgery, The Medical University of Bialystok Clinical Hospital, Medical University of Bialystok, M. Sk\u0142odowskiej-Curie 24a, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.21037\/atm.2019.09.72","article-title":"Standard and magnetically controlled growing rods for the treatment of early onset scoliosis","volume":"8","author":"Helenius","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"A08210627","article-title":"Magnetically controlled growing rods in early-onset scoliosis","volume":"69","author":"Meyer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dan. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S38","DOI":"10.1097\/BPO.0000000000001351","article-title":"The Natural History of Early-onset Scoliosis","volume":"39","author":"Karol","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e21.00093","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.OA.21.00093","article-title":"The 18-cm Thoracic-Height Threshold and Pulmonary Function in Non-Neuromuscular Early-Onset Scoliosis: A Reassessment","volume":"6","author":"Johnston","year":"2021","journal-title":"JBJS Open Access"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-011-1983-3","article-title":"The growing spine: How spinal deformities influence normal spine and thoracic cage growth","volume":"21","author":"Dimeglio","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. Spine J."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.G.00184","article-title":"Pulmonary function following early thoracic fusion in non-neuromuscular scoliosis","volume":"90","author":"Karol","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2533","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.I.01471","article-title":"Complications of growing-rod treatment for early-onset scoliosis: Analysis of one hundred and forty patients","volume":"92","author":"Bess","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1967","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60112-3","article-title":"Magnetically controlled growing rods for severe spinal curvature in young children: A prospective case series","volume":"379","author":"Cheung","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2018.08.017","article-title":"A comparison of growth among growth-friendly systems for scoliosis: A systematic review","volume":"19","author":"Wijdicks","year":"2019","journal-title":"Spine J."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"St\u00fccker, R., Mladenov, K., and St\u00fccker, S. Mitwachsende Korrektursysteme bei Early-Onset-Skoliosen [Growth-preserving instrumentation for early onset scoliosis], Oper. Orthop. Traumatol., (In Germany)."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.5312\/wjo.v12.i8.584","article-title":"Complications in growth-friendly spinal surgeries for early-onset scoliosis: Literature review","volume":"12","author":"Latalski","year":"2021","journal-title":"World J. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gurel, R., Elbaz, E., Sigal, A., Gigi, R., Otremski, H., Lebel, D.E., and Ovadia, D. Magnetically Controlled Growing Rods Graduation: Lessons from a Single-center Series of 48 Patients. J. Pediatr. Orthop., 2023. in press.","DOI":"10.1097\/BPO.0000000000002560"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"1465","article-title":"The role of traditional growing rods in the era of magnetically controlled growing rods for the treatment of early-onset scoliosis","volume":"9","author":"Varley","year":"2021","journal-title":"Spine Deform."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1105","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000004044","article-title":"Magnetically Controlled Growing Rods Graduation: Deformity Control with High Complication Rate","volume":"46","author":"Lebel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3182773560","article-title":"Next generation of growth-sparing techniques: Preliminary clinical results of a magnetically controlled growing rod in 14 patients with early-onset scoliosis","volume":"38","author":"Akbarnia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1093\/neuros\/nyy270","article-title":"Mean 6-year follow-up of magnetically controlled growing rod patients with early onset scoliosis: A glimpse of what happens to graduates","volume":"84","author":"Cheung","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grabala, P., Helenius, I.J., Chamberlin, K., and Galgano, M. (2023). Less-Invasive Approach to Early-Onset Scoliosis-Surgical Technique for Magnetically Controlled Growing Rod (MCGR) Based on Treatment of 2-Year-Old Child with Severe Scoliosis. Children, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/children10030555"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e279","DOI":"10.1227\/ons.0000000000000833","article-title":"Magnetically Controlled Growing Rods for Early-Onset Scoliosis: 2-Dimensional Operative Video","volume":"25","author":"Chamberlin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Oper. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1097\/BSD.0000000000000907","article-title":"Clinical Outcome of Magnetically Controlled Growing Rod in Early-onset Scoliosis: A Systematic Review","volume":"33","author":"Guan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Spine Surg."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.17219\/acem\/126289","article-title":"Single vs. dual rod constructs in early onset scoliosis treated with magnetically controlled growing rods","volume":"29","author":"Tucker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Clin. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1007\/s43390-021-00424-1","article-title":"Outcomes of MCGR at >3 year average follow-up in severe scoliosis: Who undergoes elective revision vs. UPROR?","volume":"10","author":"Welborn","year":"2022","journal-title":"Spine Deform."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.M.00253","article-title":"Development and initial validation of the Classification of Early-Onset Scoliosis (C-EOS)","volume":"96","author":"Williams","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2309499018779833","DOI":"10.1177\/2309499018779833","article-title":"Use of a distraction-to-stall lengthening procedure in magnetically controlled growing rods: A single-center cohort study","volume":"26","author":"Dahl","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Surg."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-016-4929-y","article-title":"Magnetically controlled growing rod in early onset scoliosis: A 30-case multicenter study","volume":"26","author":"Lebon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Spine J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1336","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000001614","article-title":"Magnetic Controlled Growing Rods as a Treatment of Early Onset Scoliosis: Early Results with Two Patients","volume":"41","author":"Heydar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2062","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-018-5590-4","article-title":"Systematic review of the complications associated with magnetically controlled growing rods for the treatment of early onset scoliosis","volume":"27","author":"Thakar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Spine J."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jspd.2014.09.050","article-title":"Traditional Growing Rods Versus Magnetically Controlled Growing Rods for the Surgical Treatment of Early-Onset Scoliosis: A Case-Matched 2-Year Study","volume":"2","author":"Akbarnia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Spine Deform."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000003048","article-title":"Magnetically Controlled Growing Rods in Treatment of Early-Onset Scoliosis: A Single Center Study with a Minimum of 2-Year-Follow up and Preliminary Results after Converting Surgery","volume":"44","author":"Abdelaal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3294","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-016-4597-y","article-title":"Preliminary comparison of primary and conversion surgery with magnetically controlled growing rods in children with early onset scoliosis","volume":"25","author":"Keskinen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Spine J."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.100B9.BJJ-2018-0031.R2","article-title":"A six-year observational study of 31 children with early-onset scoliosis treated using magnetically controlled growing rods with a minimum follow-up of two years","volume":"100-B","author":"Subramanian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bone Jt. J."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jspd.2019.01.010","article-title":"Normative Data of Pulmonary Function Tests and Radiographic Measures of Chest Development in Children without Spinal Deformity: Is a T1\u2013T12 Height of 22 cm Adequate?","volume":"7","author":"Theologis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Spine Deform."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jspd.2016.04.002","article-title":"Age at initiation and deformity magnitude influence complication rates of surgical treatment with traditional growing rods in early-onset scoliosis","volume":"4","author":"Upasani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Spine Deform."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e318214d78f","article-title":"Lengthening of dual growing rods and the law of diminishing returns","volume":"36","author":"Sankar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1199","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181e21b50","article-title":"Autofusion in the immature spine treated with growing rods","volume":"35","author":"Cahill","year":"2010","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1745","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.L.01386","article-title":"Growing-rod graduates: Lessons learned from ninety-nine patients who completed lengthening","volume":"95","author":"Flynn","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000002922","article-title":"Surgical and health-related quality-of-life outcomes of growing rod \u201cGraduates\u201d with severe versus moderate early-onset scoliosis","volume":"44","author":"Helenius","year":"2019","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1007\/s43390-020-00224-z","article-title":"Continued deterioration in pulmonary function at average 23-year follow-up from early thoracic fusion in non-neuromuscular scoliosis","volume":"9","author":"Bouton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Spine Deform."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1007\/s43390-020-00230-1","article-title":"Can distraction-based surgeries achieve minimum 18 cm thoracic height for patients with early onset scoliosis?","volume":"9","author":"ElBromboly","year":"2021","journal-title":"Spine Deform."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-022-07371-z","article-title":"Is impaired lung function related to spinal deformities in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis? A systematic review and meta-analysis-SOSORT 2019 award paper","volume":"32","author":"Kan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Spine J."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181f8c931","article-title":"Correlation of preoperative deformity magnitude and pulmonary function tests in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"36","author":"Johnston","year":"2011","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e575","DOI":"10.1097\/BPO.0000000000000752","article-title":"Preliminary Results of Magnetically Controlled Growing Rods for Early Onset Scoliosis","volume":"37","author":"Ridderbusch","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.09.004","article-title":"Single distraction-rod constructs in severe early-onset scoliosis: Indications and outcomes","volume":"22","author":"Luhmann","year":"2022","journal-title":"Spine J."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-023-07553-3","article-title":"Traditional versus magnetically controlled growing rods in early onset scoliosis surgical treatment","volume":"32","author":"Samadov","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Spine J."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1177\/2192568220948475","article-title":"\u201cLaw of Temporary Diminishing Distraction Gains\u201d: The Phenomenon of Temporary Diminished Distraction Lengths with Magnetically Controlled Growing Rods That Is Reverted with Rod Exchange","volume":"12","author":"Cheung","year":"2022","journal-title":"Glob. Spine J."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/13\/6\/1529\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:10:13Z","timestamp":1760105413000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/13\/6\/1529"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,7]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm13061529"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm13061529","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,7]]}}}