{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T23:39:18Z","timestamp":1792453158989,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,13]],"date-time":"2024-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710288000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Scientific literature lacks strong support for using narrow diameter implants (NDI) in high masticatory force areas, especially in molars. Implant splinting in cases of multiple missing teeth reduces lateral forces, improves force distribution, and minimizes stress on implants. However, no studies have evaluated the fatigue load resistance of unitary or splinted implants. Methods: This in vitro study compares five groups of new metal alloy implants, including unitary and splinted implants with varying diameters. Mechanical characterization was assessed using a BIONIX 370 testing machine (MTS, Minneapolis, MN, USA) according to ISO 14801. For each of the five study sample groups, (n = 5) specimens underwent monotonic uniaxial compression at break testing and (n = 15) cyclic loading to determine the maximum force (Fmax) and the fatigue life (LF) values. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was employed for the fractographic analysis of the fractured samples. Results: The Fmax values for unitary samples ranged from 196 N to 246 N, whereas the two-splinted samples displayed significantly higher values, ranging from 2439 N to 3796 N. Similarly, the LF values for unitary samples ranged from 118 N to 230 N, while the two-splinted samples exhibited notably higher values, ranging from 488 N to 759 N. Conclusions: The observed resistance difference between sample groups in terms of Fmax and LF may be due to variations in effective cross-sectional area, determined by implant diameter and number. Additionally, this disparity may indicate a potential stiffening effect resulting from the splinting process. These findings have significant implications for dental clinical practice, suggesting the potential use of splinted sets of small-sized NDI as replacements for posterior dentition (premolars and molars) in cases of alveolar bone ridge deficiencies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13061632","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,13]],"date-time":"2024-03-13T13:08:43Z","timestamp":1710335323000},"page":"1632","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Influence of Narrow Titanium Dental Implant Diameter on Fatigue Behavior: A Comparison between Unitary and Splinted Implants"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Rodrigo Gonz\u00e1lez","family":"Terrats","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Carrer Josep Trueta S\/N, Sant Cugat del Vall\u00e9s, 08195 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Bonn\u00edn","family":"Li\u00f1ares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Carrer Josep Trueta S\/N, Sant Cugat del Vall\u00e9s, 08195 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1904-8667","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miquel","family":"Punset","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomaterials, Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering Group (BBT), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya (UPC), Av. Eduard Maristany 16, 08019 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Barcelona Research Centre in Multiscale Science and Engineering, Technical University of Catalonia (UPC), Av. Eduard Maristany, 10\u201314, 08019 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Institut de Recerca San Joan de D\u00e9u (IRSJD), 08034 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Bioingenier\u00eda, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Instituto de Salud Carlos II, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7181-6467","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meritxell","family":"Molmeneu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomaterials, Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering Group (BBT), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya (UPC), Av. Eduard Maristany 16, 08019 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Barcelona Research Centre in Multiscale Science and Engineering, Technical University of Catalonia (UPC), Av. Eduard Maristany, 10\u201314, 08019 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Institut de Recerca San Joan de D\u00e9u (IRSJD), 08034 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Bioingenier\u00eda, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Instituto de Salud Carlos II, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Nart Molina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Carrer Josep Trueta S\/N, Sant Cugat del Vall\u00e9s, 08195 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vanessa","family":"Ru\u00edz Magaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Carrer Josep Trueta S\/N, Sant Cugat del Vall\u00e9s, 08195 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matteo","family":"Albertini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Carrer Josep Trueta S\/N, Sant Cugat del Vall\u00e9s, 08195 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1673-4389","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda","family":"Manero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomaterials, Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering Group (BBT), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya (UPC), Av. Eduard Maristany 16, 08019 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Barcelona Research Centre in Multiscale Science and Engineering, Technical University of Catalonia (UPC), Av. Eduard Maristany, 10\u201314, 08019 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Institut de Recerca San Joan de D\u00e9u (IRSJD), 08034 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Bioingenier\u00eda, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Instituto de Salud Carlos II, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6824-1412","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier","family":"Gil Mur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioengineering Institute of Technology, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Sant Cugat del Vall\u00e9s, 08195 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1111\/clr.13342","article-title":"Group 1 ITI Consensus Report: The influence of implant length and design and medications on clinical and patient-reported outcomes","volume":"29","author":"Jung","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. 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