{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T12:21:16Z","timestamp":1786969276460,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":138,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,15]],"date-time":"2024-03-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710460800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sarcoidosis is a multisystem disorder of unknown etiology. The leading hypothesis involves an antigen-triggered dysregulated T-cell-driven immunologic response leading to non-necrotic granulomas. In cardiac sarcoidosis (CS), the inflammatory response can lead to fibrosis, culminating in clinical manifestations such as atrioventricular block and ventricular arrhythmias. Cardiac manifestations frequently present as first and isolated signs or may appear in conjunction with extracardiac manifestations. The incidence of sudden cardiac death (SCD) is high. Diagnosis remains a challenge. For a definite diagnosis, endomyocardial biopsy (EMB) is suggested. In clinical practice, compatible findings in advanced imaging using cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) and\/or positron emission tomography (PET) in combination with extracardiac histological proof is considered sufficient. Management revolves around the control of myocardial inflammation by employing immunosuppression. However, data regarding efficacy are merely based on observational evidence. Prevention of SCD is of particular importance and several guidelines provide recommendations regarding device therapy. In patients with manifest CS, outcome data indicate a 5-year survival of around 90% and a 10-year survival in the range of 80%. Data for patients with silent CS are conflicting; some studies suggest an overall benign course of disease while others reported contrasting observations. Future research challenges involve better understanding of the immunologic pathogenesis of the disease for a targeted therapy, improving imaging to aid early diagnosis, assessing the need for screening of asymptomatic patients and randomized trials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13061694","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,15]],"date-time":"2024-03-15T09:32:30Z","timestamp":1710495150000},"page":"1694","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Cardiac Sarcoidosis\u2014Diagnostic and Therapeutic Challenges"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Dennis","family":"Korthals","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Cardiology II, Electrophysiology, University Hospital M\u00fcnster, 48149 M\u00fcnster, Germany"},{"name":"Department for Cardiology I, Division of Cardiovascular Imaging, University Hospital M\u00fcnster, 48149 M\u00fcnster, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Bietenbeck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Cardiology I, Division of Cardiovascular Imaging, University Hospital M\u00fcnster, 48149 M\u00fcnster, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hilke","family":"K\u00f6nemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Cardiology II, Electrophysiology, University Hospital M\u00fcnster, 48149 M\u00fcnster, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5237-6283","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florian","family":"Doldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Cardiology II, Electrophysiology, University Hospital M\u00fcnster, 48149 M\u00fcnster, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4346-2606","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Ventura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital M\u00fcnster, 48149 M\u00fcnster, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Sch\u00e4fers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital M\u00fcnster, 48149 M\u00fcnster, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Mohr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, Hemostaseology, Oncology and Pneumology, Division of Pneumology, University Hospital M\u00fcnster, 48149 M\u00fcnster, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julian","family":"Wolfes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Cardiology II, Electrophysiology, University Hospital M\u00fcnster, 48149 M\u00fcnster, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9087-645X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felix","family":"Wegner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Cardiology II, Electrophysiology, University Hospital M\u00fcnster, 48149 M\u00fcnster, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Yilmaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Cardiology I, Division of Cardiovascular Imaging, University Hospital M\u00fcnster, 48149 M\u00fcnster, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lars","family":"Eckardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Cardiology II, Electrophysiology, University Hospital M\u00fcnster, 48149 M\u00fcnster, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2101555","article-title":"Challenges of Sarcoidosis and Its Management","volume":"385","author":"Drent","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. 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