{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T22:40:36Z","timestamp":1778539236220,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":243,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,16]],"date-time":"2024-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710547200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Common Variable Immunodeficiency (CVID) is a heterogeneous primary immunodeficiency disorder characterised by impaired antibody production, leading to recurrent infections and an increased susceptibility to viral pathogens. This literature review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of CVID\u2019s relationship with viral infections, encompassing disease pathogenesis, key presenting features, specific monogenic susceptibilities, the impact of COVID-19, and existing treatment options. The pathogenesis of CVID involves complex immunological dysregulation, including defects in B cell development, antibody class switching, and plasma cell differentiation. These abnormalities contribute to an impaired humoral immune response against viral agents, predisposing individuals with CVID to a broad range of viral infections. Genetic factors play a prominent role in CVID, and monogenic drivers of CVID-like disease are increasingly identified through advanced genomic studies. Some monogenic causes of the CVID-like phenotype appear to cause specific viral susceptibilities, and these are explored in the review. The emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic highlighted CVID patients\u2019 heightened predisposition to severe outcomes with viral infections. This review explores the clinical manifestations, outcomes, and potential therapeutic approaches for COVID-19 in CVID patients. It assesses the efficacy of prophylactic measures for COVID-19, including vaccination and immunoglobulin replacement therapy, as well as trialled therapies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13061717","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,18]],"date-time":"2024-03-18T04:25:15Z","timestamp":1710735915000},"page":"1717","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["The Scope and Impact of Viral Infections in Common Variable Immunodeficiency (CVID) and CVID-like Disorders: A Literature Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-1535-8909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam","family":"Al-Hakim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK"},{"name":"Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine (LIRMM), School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Chapeltown Road, Leeds LS7 4SA, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Kacar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK"},{"name":"Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, University Clinic Golnik, 36 Golnik, 4204 Golnik, Slovenia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov Trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7910-0554","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sinisa","family":"Savic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK"},{"name":"Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine (LIRMM), School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Chapeltown Road, Leeds LS7 4SA, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1186\/ar4032","article-title":"Common variable immunodeficiency\u2014An update","volume":"14","author":"Salzer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.18176\/jiaci.0388","article-title":"Common variable immunodeficiency: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, classification, and management","volume":"30","author":"Yazdani","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Investig. Allergol. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.47.5.927","article-title":"Primary immunodeficiencies. Report of a World Health Organization Committee","volume":"47","author":"Fudenberg","year":"1971","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM195406172502403","article-title":"Absence of serum gamma globulins in an adult","volume":"250","author":"Sanford","year":"1954","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.7196\/AJTCCM.2021.v27i3.228","article-title":"Common variable immunodeficiency disorders: What generalists should know","volume":"27","author":"Jeevarathnum","year":"2021","journal-title":"Afr. J. Thorac. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-007-9075-1","article-title":"Long-term follow-up and outcome of a large cohort of patients with common variable immunodeficiency","volume":"27","author":"Quinti","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105842","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00415","article-title":"Comparison of diagnostic criteria for Common Variable Immunodeficiency Disorder","volume":"5","author":"Ameratunga","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2015.07.025","article-title":"International Consensus Document (ICON): Common Variable Immunodeficiency Disorders","volume":"4","author":"Bonilla","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Pract."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2009.07669.x","article-title":"Update in understanding Common Variable Immunodeficiency Disorders (CVIDs) and the management of patients with these conditions","volume":"145","author":"Chapel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2013.12.1077","article-title":"Clinical picture and treatment of 2212 patients with common variable immunodeficiency","volume":"134","author":"Gathmann","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1006\/clim.1999.4725","article-title":"Common variable immunodeficiency: Clinical and immunological features of 248 patients","volume":"92","author":"Bodian","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00915792","article-title":"Primary immunodeficiency syndromes in Italy: A report of the national register in children and adults","volume":"3","author":"Luzi","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"225","article-title":"Selective IgA deficiency (SIgAD) and common variable immunodeficiency (CVID)","volume":"120","author":"Vorechovsky","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1086\/302326","article-title":"Genetic linkage of IgA deficiency to the major histocompatibility complex: Evidence for allele segregation distortion, parent-of-origin penetrance differences, and the role of anti-IgA antibodies in disease predisposition","volume":"64","author":"Webster","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gendis.2019.10.002","article-title":"Recent advances in elucidating the genetics of common variable immunodeficiency","volume":"7","author":"Aggarwal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Genes Dis."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2015.05.020","article-title":"Application of whole genome and RNA sequencing to investigate the genomic landscape of common variable immunodeficiency disorders","volume":"160","author":"Davenport","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1136\/jmedgenet-2015-103690","article-title":"Genes associated with common variable immunodeficiency: One diagnosis to rule them all?","volume":"53","author":"Bogaert","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Med. Genet."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00636","article-title":"Evaluating the genetics of common variable immunodeficiency: Monogenetic model and beyond","volume":"9","author":"Piquer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2019000929","article-title":"Current genetic landscape in common variable immune deficiency","volume":"135","author":"Abolhassani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912826","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.912826","article-title":"B- and T-Cell Subset Abnormalities in Monogenic Common Variable Immunodeficiency","volume":"13","author":"Fekrvand","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gendis.2019.09.015","article-title":"An updated review on activated PI3 kinase delta syndrome (APDS)","volume":"7","author":"Singh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Genes Dis."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2007-11-124545","article-title":"Common variable immunodeficiency disorders: Division into distinct clinical phenotypes","volume":"112","author":"Chapel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"1650","article-title":"Morbidity and mortality in common variable immune deficiency over 4 decades","volume":"119","author":"Resnick","year":"2012","journal-title":"Blood J. Am. Soc. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1080\/1744666X.2021.1954908","article-title":"Lymphocytes subsets in correlation with clinical profile in CVID patients without monogenic defects","volume":"17","author":"Mirshafiey","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1544","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V99.5.1544","article-title":"Severe deficiency of switched memory B cells (CD27(+)IgM(\u2212)IgD(\u2212)) in subgroups of patients with common variable immunodeficiency: A new approach to classify a heterogeneous disease","volume":"99","author":"Warnatz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2007-06-091744","article-title":"The EUROclass trial: Defining subgroups in common variable immunodeficiency","volume":"111","author":"Wehr","year":"2008","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-11-321695","article-title":"T and B lymphocyte abnormalities in bone marrow biopsies of common variable immunodeficiency","volume":"118","author":"Goldacker","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2014.10.039","article-title":"RAC2 loss-of-function mutation in 2 siblings with characteristics of common variable immunodeficiency","volume":"135","author":"Alkhairy","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-009-9317-5","article-title":"Novel mutations in TACI (TNFRSF13B) causing common variable immunodeficiency","volume":"29","author":"Mohammadi","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3109\/08830185.2015.1136306","article-title":"Evaluation of Known Defective Signaling-Associated Molecules in Patients Who Primarily Diagnosed as Common Variable Immunodeficiency","volume":"35","author":"Yazdani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marron, T.U., Joyce, E.Y., and Cunningham-Rundles, C. (2012). Toll-like receptor function in primary B cell defects. Front. Biosci. Elite Ed., 4.","DOI":"10.2741\/507"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1086\/606059","article-title":"Late-onset combined immune deficiency: A subset of common variable immunodeficiency with severe T cell defect","volume":"49","author":"Malphettes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2008-03-145045","article-title":"T-cell homeostasis: The dark(ened) side of common variable immunodeficiency","volume":"112","author":"Giovannetti","year":"2008","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.1995.tb02281.x","article-title":"Defects in antigen-driven lymphocyte responses in common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) are due to a reduction in the number of antigen-specific CD4+ T cells","volume":"101","author":"Funauchi","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2012.04643.x","article-title":"T cell phenotypes in patients with common variable immunodeficiency disorders: Associations with clinical phenotypes in comparison with other groups with recurrent infections","volume":"170","author":"Bateman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2006.03152.x","article-title":"Defective maturation of dendritic cells in common variable immunodeficiency","volume":"145","author":"Green","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.2000.01317.x","article-title":"Deficiency in circulating natural killer (NK) cell subsets in common variable immunodeficiency and X-linked agammaglobulinaemia","volume":"121","author":"Aspalter","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2009.05.019","article-title":"Toll-like receptor 7 and 9 defects in common variable immunodeficiency","volume":"124","author":"Yu","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.18176\/jiaci.0069","article-title":"T-Cell Abnormalities in Common Variable Immunodeficiency","volume":"26","author":"Azizi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Investig. Allergol. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aller.2016.07.001","article-title":"Comparison of various classifications for patients with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) using measurement of B-cell subsets","volume":"45","author":"Yazdani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Allergol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2021.05.010","article-title":"There is no gene for CVID\u2014Novel monogenetic causes for primary antibody deficiency","volume":"72","author":"Ramirez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1159\/000508817","article-title":"Monogenic Primary Immunodeficiency Disorder Associated with Common Variable Immunodeficiency and Autoimmunity","volume":"181","author":"Asgardoon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864307","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.864307","article-title":"Members of the Regulatory Lymphocyte Club in Common Variable Immunodeficiency","volume":"13","author":"Gupta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-009-9351-3","article-title":"Frequency of Treg Cells Is Reduced in CVID Patients with Autoimmunity and Splenomegaly and Is Associated with Expanded CD21lo B Lymphocytes","volume":"30","author":"Arumugakani","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857050","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.857050","article-title":"Seeking Relevant Biomarkers in Common Variable Immunodeficiency","volume":"13","author":"Ho","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1097\/ACI.0000000000000860","article-title":"Autoimmune and autoinflammatory manifestations in inborn errors of immunity","volume":"22","author":"Markelj","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-020-00769-8","article-title":"Lymphoproliferative Disease in CVID: A Report of Types and Frequencies from a US Patient Registry","volume":"40","author":"Yakaboski","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937872","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.937872","article-title":"Genomic crossroads between non-Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma and common variable immunodeficiency","volume":"13","author":"Solano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1086\/587669","article-title":"Infections in 252 patients with common variable immunodeficiency","volume":"46","author":"Oksenhendler","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, J., Munagala, I., Xu, H., Blankenship, D., Maffucci, P., Chaussabel, D., Banchereau, J., Pascual, V., and Cunningham-Rundles, C. (2013). Interferon Signature in the Blood in Inflammatory Common Variable Immune Deficiency. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0074893"},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"429","article-title":"Immune Response to Viruses","volume":"1","author":"Herbert","year":"2022","journal-title":"Encycl. Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1401177","article-title":"Transplantation outcomes for severe combined immunodeficiency, 2000\u20132009","volume":"371","author":"Pai","year":"2014","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2022.10.022","article-title":"The diagnosis of severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID): The Primary Immune Deficiency Treatment Consortium (PIDTC) 2022 Definitions","volume":"151","author":"Dvorak","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10289","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.19.10289","article-title":"Severe genital herpes infections in HIV-infected individuals with impaired herpes simplex virus-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses","volume":"94","author":"Posavad","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634181","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.634181","article-title":"Update on Infections in Primary Antibody Deficiencies","volume":"12","author":"Demirdag","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00568","article-title":"Assessing the functional relevance of variants in the Ikaros family zinc finger protein 1 (IKZF1) in a cohort of patients with primary immunodeficiency","volume":"10","author":"Eskandarian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3071","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI98164","article-title":"Dominant-negative IKZF1 mutations cause a T, B, and myeloid cell combined immunodeficiency","volume":"128","author":"Boutboul","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5127","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1221211110","article-title":"Antibody deficiency associated with an inherited autosomal dominant mutation in TWEAK","volume":"110","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2007.10.001","article-title":"Transmembrane activator and calcium-modulating cyclophilin ligand interactor mutations in common variable immunodeficiency: Clinical and immunologic outcomes in heterozygotes","volume":"120","author":"Zhang","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00297","article-title":"Clinical and Immunological Phenotype of Patients with Primary Immunodeficiency due to Damaging Mutations in NFKB2","volume":"10","author":"Klemann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2011.02.047","article-title":"Primary immunodeficiency diseases associated with increased susceptibility to viral infections and malignancies","volume":"127","author":"Boyce","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00665","article-title":"Recurrent and sustained viral infections in primary immunodeficiencies","volume":"8","author":"Ruffner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2020.04.019","article-title":"Preserved Cellular Immunity Upon Influenza Vaccination in Most Patients with Common Variable Immunodeficiency","volume":"8","author":"Friedmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Pract."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2010.04159.x","article-title":"T-cell response to viral antigens in adults and children with common variable immunodeficiency and specific antibody deficiency","volume":"161","author":"Haveman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2011.07.004","article-title":"Cell-mediated immune responses to inactivated trivalent influenza-vaccination are decreased in patients with common variable immunodeficiency","volume":"141","author":"Holvast","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.159.4.9807067","article-title":"Viruses and Bacteria in Bronchial Samples from Patients with Primary Hypogammaglobulinemia","volume":"159","author":"Kainulainen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2010.04.016","article-title":"Recurrent and persistent respiratory tract viral infections in patients with primary hypogammaglobulinemia","volume":"126","author":"Kainulainen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1159\/000355957","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus Disease in Patients with Common Variable Immunodeficiency: Three Case Reports","volume":"163","author":"Kralickova","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01231","article-title":"Spectrum of viral infections among primary immunodeficient children: Report from a national registry","volume":"10","author":"Essa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2014.11.038","article-title":"Defective natural killer-cell cytotoxic activity in NFKB2-mutated CVID-like disease","volume":"135","author":"Lougaris","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2018.01.039","article-title":"Loss-of-function nuclear factor \u03baB subunit 1 (NFKB1) variants are the most common monogenic cause of common variable immunodeficiency in Europeans","volume":"142","author":"Tuijnenburg","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"Jacob, S.P., Feusier, J.E., and Chen, K. (2019). Rare Diseases of the Immune System, Springer."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2017.11.014","article-title":"Anticytokine autoantibodies in a patient with a heterozygous NFKB2 mutation","volume":"141","author":"Ramakrishnan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van Wilder, P., Odnoletkova, I., Mouline, M., and de Vries, E. (2021). Immunoglobulin Replacement Therapy is critical and cost-effective in increasing life expectancy and quality of life in patients suffering from Common Variable Immunodeficiency Disorders (CVID): A health-economic assessment. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0247941"},{"key":"ref_75","unstructured":"Katragkou, A., Roilides, E., and Walsh, T.J. (2018). Management of Infections in the Immunocompromised Host, Springer."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hemming, V.G., Prince, G.A., Groothuis, J.R., and Siber, G.R. (1995). Hyperimmune globulins in prevention and treatment of respiratory syncytial virus infections. Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 8.","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.8.1.22"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30120-1","article-title":"An interactive web-based dashboard to track COVID-19 in real time","volume":"20","author":"Dong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_78","unstructured":"(2023, September 02). Johns Hopkins Coronavirus Resource Center. Available online: https:\/\/coronavirus.jhu.edu\/map.html."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-020-09944-5","article-title":"The Natural History, Pathobiology, and Clinical Manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 Infections","volume":"15","author":"Machhi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmune Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_80","unstructured":"(2023). Coronavirus (COVID-19) Latest Insights."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1093\/cei\/uxac008","article-title":"Outcomes following SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients with primary and secondary immunodeficiency in the United Kingdom","volume":"209","author":"Shields","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.12.620","article-title":"COVID-19 in patients with primary and secondary immunodeficiency: The United Kingdom experience","volume":"147","author":"Shields","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-021-01066-8","article-title":"Outcome of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in 121 Patients with Inborn Errors of Immunity: A Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"41","author":"Goudouris","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2918-0","article-title":"Age-specific mortality and immunity patterns of SARS-CoV-2","volume":"590","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02867-1","article-title":"Variation in the COVID-19 infection\u2013fatality ratio by age, time, and geography during the pre-vaccine era: A systematic analysis","volume":"399","author":"Team","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109097","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2022.109097","article-title":"COVID-19-related health outcomes in people with primary immunodeficiency: A systematic review","volume":"243","author":"Drzymalla","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1002\/iid3.450","article-title":"COVID-19 infection in CVID patients: What we know so far","volume":"9","author":"Weifenbach","year":"2021","journal-title":"Immun. Inflamm. Dis."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984376","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.984376","article-title":"Impact of vaccination on hospitalization and mortality from COVID-19 in patients with primary and secondary immunodeficiency: The United Kingdom experience","volume":"13","author":"Shields","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bermingham, C., Nafilyan, V., Andrews, N., and Gethings, O. (2023). Estimating the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccination against COVID-19 hospitalisation and death: A cohort study based on the 2021 Census, England. medRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.06.06.23290982"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912571","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.912571","article-title":"Increased Seroprevalence and Improved Antibody Responses Following Third Primary SARS-CoV-2 Immunisation: An Update From the COV-AD Study","volume":"13","author":"Shields","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-022-01256-y","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2-Specific and Functional Cytotoxic CD8 Cells in Primary Antibody Deficiency: Natural Infection and Response to Vaccine","volume":"42","author":"Gupta","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124279","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1124279","article-title":"Cellular immunity in COVID-19 and other infections in Common variable immunodeficiency","volume":"14","author":"Fevang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.09.020","article-title":"Severe SARS-CoV-2 disease in the context of a NF-\u03baB2 loss-of-function pathogenic variant","volume":"147","author":"Abraham","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.15586\/aei.v50i3.583","article-title":"Easy approach to detect cell immunity to COVID vaccines in common variable immunodeficiency patients","volume":"50","author":"Barrios","year":"2022","journal-title":"Allergol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e81","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2108163","article-title":"REGEN-COV Antibody Combination and Outcomes in Outpatients with COVID-19","volume":"385","author":"Weinreich","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"m2980","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m2980","article-title":"Drug treatments for covid-19: Living systematic review and network meta-analysis [fifth version]","volume":"370","author":"Siemieniuk","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E969","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.220471","article-title":"Antiviral drug treatment for nonsevere COVID-19: A systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"194","author":"Pitre","year":"2022","journal-title":"Can. Med Assoc. J."},{"key":"ref_98","unstructured":"(2023). COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines Panel Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Treatment Guidelines."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2020.08.016","article-title":"Increased Respiratory Viral Detection and Symptom Burden Among Patients with Primary Antibody Deficiency: Results from the BIPAD Study","volume":"9","author":"Ponsford","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Pract."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciad368","article-title":"Commercial Immunoglobulin Products Contain Neutralizing Antibodies Against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Spike Protein","volume":"77","author":"Upasani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.06.020","article-title":"Passive immunization against COVID-19 by anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike IgG in commercially available immunoglobulin preparations in severe antibody deficiency","volume":"10","author":"Hirsiger","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Pract."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2534","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2023.05.005","article-title":"Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies in Immunoglobulin Products","volume":"11","author":"Cousins","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Pract."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1177\/19418744211050215","article-title":"Acute Cerebellitis and Myeloradiculitis Associated with SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Common Variable Immunodeficiency\u2014A Case Report","volume":"12","author":"Lemus","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurohospitalist"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552028","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2020.552028","article-title":"Epidemiology and Burden of Human Papillomavirus and Related Diseases, Molecular Pathogenesis, and Vaccine Evaluation","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2012.07.049","article-title":"Warts and all: Human papillomavirus in primary immunodeficiencies","volume":"130","author":"Leiding","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_106","first-page":"1205","article-title":"Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and common variable hypogammaglobulinemia","volume":"25","author":"Uluhan","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1470.2009.00874.x","article-title":"Resolution of warts in association with subcutaneous immunoglobulin in immune deficiency","volume":"26","author":"Lin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatr. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1976.tb00870.x","article-title":"Generalized warts and immune deficiency","volume":"95","author":"REID","year":"1976","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2897","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.164.6.2897","article-title":"TRAIL (Apo2 ligand) and TWEAK (Apo3 ligand) mediate CD4+ T cell killing of antigen-presenting macrophages","volume":"164","author":"Kaplan","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petitbarat, M., Rahmati, M., S\u00e9razin, V., Dubanchet, S., Morvan, C., Wainer, R., de Mazancourt, P., Chaouat, G., Foidart, J.M., and Munaut, C. (2011). TWEAK appears as a modulator of endometrial IL-18 related cytotoxic activity of uterine natural killers. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0014497"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2670","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2021.1982373","article-title":"Pathogenesis and virulence of herpes simplex virus","volume":"12","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.19.237149","article-title":"Herpes simplex virus: Global infection prevalence and incidence estimates, 2016","volume":"98","author":"James","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2018.07.006","article-title":"Antiviral Therapies for Herpesviruses: Current Agents and New Directions","volume":"40","author":"Poole","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Ther."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mpmed.2021.09.011","article-title":"Herpesviruses","volume":"49","author":"Riddell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)04638-9","article-title":"Herpes simplex virus infections","volume":"357","author":"Whitley","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2020.01.004","article-title":"Human inborn errors of immunity to herpes viruses","volume":"62","author":"Jouanguy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.20317","article-title":"Eczema herpeticum in a patient with severe combined immunodeficiency","volume":"185","author":"Blanco","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-100-4-522","article-title":"Oral acyclovir to suppress recurring herpes simplex virus infections in immunodeficient patients","volume":"100","author":"Straus","year":"1984","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oooo.2013.05.012","article-title":"Intraoral herpes simplex virus infection in a patient with common variable immunodeficiency","volume":"116","author":"Villa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2019.00061","article-title":"Severe Facial Herpes Vegetans and Viremia in NFKB2-Deficient Common Variable Immunodeficiency","volume":"7","author":"Parsons","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2013.09.009","article-title":"Germline Mutations in NFKB2 Implicate the Noncanonical NF-\u03baB Pathway in the Pathogenesis of Common Variable Immunodeficiency","volume":"93","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-014-0064-x","article-title":"Novel NFKB2 mutation in early-onset CVID","volume":"34","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brue, T., Quentien, M.H., Khetchoumian, K., Bensa, M., Capo-Chichi, J.M., Delemer, B., Balsalobre, A., Nassif, C., Papadimitriou, D.T., and Pagnier, A. (2014). Mutations in NFKB2 and potential genetic heterogeneity in patients with DAVID syndrome, having variable endocrine and immune deficiencies. BMC Med. Genet., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12881-014-0139-9"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S134","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab1056","article-title":"Diagnosis and Management of Genital Herpes: Key Questions and Review of the Evidence for the 2021 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Sexually Transmitted Infections Treatment Guidelines","volume":"74","author":"Johnston","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sadowski, L.A., Upadhyay, R., Greeley, Z.W., and Margulies, B.J. (2021). Current Drugs to Treat Infections with Herpes Simplex Viruses-1 and -2. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/v13071228"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00615-10","article-title":"Resistance of Herpes Simplex Viruses to Nucleoside Analogues: Mechanisms, Prevalence, and Management","volume":"55","author":"Piret","year":"2011","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Field, A.K., and Biron, K.K. (1994). \u201cThe end of innocence\u201d revisited: Resistance of herpesviruses to antiviral drugs. Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 7.","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.7.1.1"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiw129","article-title":"No Evidence of Pritelivir Resistance Among Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Isolates after 4 Weeks of Daily Therapy","volume":"214","author":"Edlefsen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.15393","article-title":"Pharmaceuticals and Medical Device Agency approval summary: Amenamevir for the treatment of herpes zoster","volume":"47","author":"Shoji","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0173222","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.01732-22","article-title":"Salvage Treatment of Refractory HSV Oral Lesions with Pritelivir in Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplant Recipients","volume":"67","author":"Bosetti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1177\/09564624211006568","article-title":"Use of pritelivir in refractory aciclovir-resistant herpes simplex virus type 2","volume":"32","author":"Cannon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. STD AIDS"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2303","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkac165","article-title":"Pritelivir for recurrent aciclovir-resistant herpes simplex virus 2 infections in immunocompromised patients","volume":"77","author":"Serris","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2495","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.18189","article-title":"Effect of Pritelivir Compared with Valacyclovir on Genital HSV-2 Shedding in Patients with Frequent Recurrences: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"316","author":"Wald","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"AB27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2021.12.123","article-title":"NFKB2 Mutation in 2 Siblings with DAVID Syndrome and CVID with Variable Presentations","volume":"149","author":"Kwiatkowski","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2087","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1501184","article-title":"Efficacy of an adjuvanted herpes zoster subunit vaccine in older adults","volume":"372","author":"Lal","year":"2015","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.2147\/CCID.S187224","article-title":"Molluscum contagiosum: An update and review of new perspectives in etiology, diagnosis, and treatment","volume":"12","author":"Downey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Cosmet. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(13)70109-9","article-title":"Molluscum contagiosum virus infection","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000000140","article-title":"A High Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Manifestations in Common Variable Immunodeficiency","volume":"114","author":"Pikkarainen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.12884","article-title":"Chronic norovirus infection and common variable immunodeficiency","volume":"188","author":"Woodward","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1002\/med.21545","article-title":"Norovirus antivirals: Where are we now?","volume":"39","author":"Netzler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268810000439","article-title":"Prevalence and characteristics of asymptomatic norovirus infection in the community in England","volume":"138","author":"Phillips","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ747","article-title":"Epidemiologic, Virologic, and Host Genetic Factors of Norovirus Outbreaks in Long-term Care Facilities","volume":"62","author":"Costantini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1410.080117","article-title":"Norwalk Virus Shedding after Experimental Human Infection","volume":"14","author":"Atmar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/161.1.18","article-title":"Multiple-challenge study of host susceptibility to Norwalk gastroenteritis in US adults","volume":"161","author":"Johnson","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1908.130472","article-title":"Duration of Immunity to Norovirus Gastroenteritis","volume":"19","author":"Simmons","year":"2013","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy529","article-title":"An Exploratory Study of the Salivary Immunoglobulin A Responses to 1 Dose of a Norovirus Virus-Like Particle Candidate Vaccine in Healthy Adults","volume":"219","author":"Atmar","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit763","article-title":"Multiple Norovirus Infections in a Birth Cohort in a Peruvian Periurban Community","volume":"58","author":"Saito","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis. An Off. Publ. Infect. Dis. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1086\/656364","article-title":"Serologic Correlate of Protection against Norovirus-Induced Gastroenteritis","volume":"202","author":"Reeck","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit370","article-title":"Emergence of New Pandemic GII.4 Sydney Norovirus Strain Correlates with Escape from Herd Immunity","volume":"208","author":"Debbink","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2016.329","article-title":"A Cross-Sectional Study of the Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Symptoms and Pathology in Patients with Common Variable Immunodeficiency","volume":"111","author":"Reims","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2262","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2010.214","article-title":"The enteropathy associated with common variable immunodeficiency: The delineated frontiers with celiac disease","volume":"105","author":"Malamut","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0032-1326078","article-title":"Outcome of screening endoscopy in common variable immunodeficiency disorder and X-linked agammaglobulinemia","volume":"45","author":"Oldenburg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2014.432","article-title":"The role of chronic norovirus infection in the enteropathy associated with common variable immunodeficiency","volume":"110","author":"Woodward","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1080\/1744666X.2021.2008241","article-title":"Gut inflammation in CVID: Causes and consequences","volume":"18","author":"Andersen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.3851\/IMP1792","article-title":"Pleconaril-resistant chronic parechovirus-associated enteropathy in agammaglobulinaemia","volume":"16","author":"Douma","year":"2011","journal-title":"Antivir. Ther."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-022-01379-2","article-title":"Interferon-Driven Immune Dysregulation in Common Variable Immunodeficiency\u2013Associated Villous Atrophy and Norovirus Infection","volume":"43","author":"Strohmeier","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2018.08.002","article-title":"Chronic norovirus infection in primary immune deficiency disorders: An international case series","volume":"93","author":"Rolfes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2019.07.036","article-title":"A comprehensive characterization of chronic norovirus infection in immunodeficient hosts","volume":"144","author":"Brown","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101956","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinre.2022.101956","article-title":"Ribavirin-resistant chronic norovirus infection-associated enteropathy in common variable immunodeficiency. Case report and review of the literature","volume":"46","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Res. Hepatol. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2015.11.032","article-title":"Use of enteral immunoglobulin in NEMO syndrome for eradication of persistent symptomatic norovirus enteritis","volume":"4","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Pract."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2014.09.095","article-title":"Clinical Usefulness of Oral Immunoglobulins in Lung Transplant Recipients with Norovirus Gastroenteritis: A Case Series","volume":"46","author":"Hirschi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transplant. Proc."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01737","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idcr.2023.e01737","article-title":"Unsuccessful treatment of chronic norovirus infection with enteral immunoglobulin in patients with common variable immunodeficiency, case report","volume":"32","author":"Christensen","year":"2023","journal-title":"IDCases"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1781","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiac085","article-title":"Clinical and In Vitro Evidence Favoring Immunoglobulin Treatment of a Chronic Norovirus Infection in a Patient with Common Variable Immunodeficiency","volume":"226","author":"Dalm","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2011.08.002","article-title":"Norovirus Gastroenteritis Successfully Treated with Nitazoxanide","volume":"63","author":"Siddiq","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiw497","article-title":"Nitazoxanide Is an Ineffective Treatment of Chronic Norovirus in Patients with X-Linked Agammaglobulinemia and May Yield False-Negative Polymerase Chain Reaction Findings in Stool Specimens","volume":"215","author":"Kempf","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2173","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1806941","article-title":"Mutagenesis in Norovirus in Response to Favipiravir Treatment","volume":"379","author":"Ruis","year":"2018","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.3904\/kjim.2017.087","article-title":"Approach to cytomegalovirus infections in patients with ulcerative colitis","volume":"32","author":"Park","year":"2017","journal-title":"Korean J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e40","DOI":"10.14309\/crj.2018.40","article-title":"Acute Gastrointestinal Bleeding Due to Cytomegalovirus Colitis in a Patient with Common Variable Immunodeficiency","volume":"5","author":"Kathi","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACG Case Rep. J."},{"key":"ref_169","first-page":"348204","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus Colitis with Common Variable Immunodeficiency and Crohn\u2019s Disease","volume":"2015","author":"Elpek","year":"2015","journal-title":"Case Rep. Med."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecm.2014.10.001","article-title":"Endoscopic and Clinical Features of Cytomegalovirus Colitis in Critically Ill Patients: A Retrospective Review","volume":"6","author":"Toh","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Exp. Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.12659\/AJCR.898005","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus Colitis and Subsequent New Diagnosis of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in an Immunocompetent Host: A Case Study and Literature Review","volume":"17","author":"Khan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2014.05.026","article-title":"A model for identifying cytomegalovirus in patients with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"13","author":"McCurdy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_173","first-page":"103","article-title":"Efficacy of Ganciclovir on CMV Retinitis Complication of Common Variable Immunodeficiency","volume":"1","author":"Khalili","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunol. Genet. J."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crohns.2007.06.004","article-title":"Herpes simplex virus colitis complicating ulcerative colitis: A case report and brief review on superinfections","volume":"1","author":"Schunter","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Crohn\u2019s Colitis"},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"rjad225","DOI":"10.1093\/jscr\/rjad225","article-title":"Herpes simplex virus colitis mimicking acute severe ulcerative colitis: A case report and review of the literature","volume":"2023","author":"Cathomas","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Surg. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1097\/00042737-200605000-00015","article-title":"Herpes simplex virus type 1 colitis in a patient with common variable immunodeficiency syndrome","volume":"18","author":"Dray","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506367","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00338","article-title":"Heterogeneity of Liver Disease in Common Variable Immunodeficiency Disorders","volume":"11","author":"Pecoraro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.4254\/wjh.v10.i2.186","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus: Morphogenesis, infection and therapy","volume":"10","author":"Morozov","year":"2018","journal-title":"World J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18036","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2018.36","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"4","author":"Yuen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Prim."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26141","article-title":"Global epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection: New estimates of age-specific antibody to HCV seroprevalence","volume":"57","author":"Groeger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_181","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (1994). Outbreak of hepatitis C associated with intravenous immunoglobulin administration\u2014United States, October 1993\u2013June 1994. MMWR. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep., 43, 505\u2013509."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(88)90016-2","article-title":"Intravenous immunoglobulin prophylaxis causing liver damage in 16 of 77 patients with hypogammaglobulinemia or IgG subclass deficiency","volume":"84","author":"Lundin","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199412153312402","article-title":"Hepatitis C Infection in Patients with Primary Hypogammaglobulinemia after Treatment with Contaminated Immune Globulin","volume":"331","author":"Bjoro","year":"1994","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.1996.v110.pm8613001","article-title":"Outbreak of acute hepatitis C following the use of anti-hepatitis C virus\u2014Screened intravenous immunoglobulin therapy","volume":"110","author":"Healey","year":"1996","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1006\/clim.2001.5132","article-title":"Outcome of Intravenous Immunoglobulin-Transmitted Hepatitis C Virus Infection in Primary Immunodeficiency","volume":"101","author":"Razvi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1006\/clim.2002.5239","article-title":"European surveillance of immunoglobulin safety\u2014Results of initial survey of 1243 patients with primary immunodeficiencies in 16 countries","volume":"104","author":"Quinti","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.1995.tb06629.x","article-title":"HCV infection in patients with primary defects of immunoglobulin production","volume":"102","author":"Quinti","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-015-0193-x","article-title":"AstuteClinician Report: A Novel 10 bp Frameshift Deletion in Exon 2 ofICOSCauses a Combined Immunodeficiency Associated with an Enteritis and Hepatitis","volume":"35","author":"Robertson","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_189","unstructured":"Greenberg, S.B. (2003). Office Practice of Neurology, Churchill Livingstone."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-198807120-00008","article-title":"Dual meningoencephalitis with echovirus type 11 and adenovirus in combined (common variable) immunodeficiency","volume":"7","author":"Lau","year":"1988","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1053\/jinf.2002.1066","article-title":"Enteroviral infections in primary immunodeficiency (PID): A survey of morbidity and mortality","volume":"46","author":"Halliday","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577952","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2022.577952","article-title":"Meningoencephalitis in primary antibody deficiency: Our experience from northwest India","volume":"371","author":"Jindal","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-019-00602-x","article-title":"Fatal Enteroviral Encephalitis in a Patient with Common Variable Immunodeficiency Harbouring a Novel Mutation in NFKB2","volume":"39","author":"Slade","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1007\/s00508-017-1289-5","article-title":"Chronic meningoencephalitis caused by Echo virus 6 in a patient with common variable immunodeficiency: Successful treatment with pleconaril","volume":"130","author":"Rkman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Wien. Klin. Wochenschr."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1086\/318452","article-title":"Treatment of potentially life-threatening enterovirus infections with pleconaril","volume":"32","author":"Rotbart","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.3851\/IMP1936","article-title":"Pleconaril revisited: Clinical course of chronic enteroviral meningoencephalitis after treatment correlates with in vitro susceptibility","volume":"17","author":"Wildenbeest","year":"2012","journal-title":"Antivir. Ther."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1093\/jpids\/piv015","article-title":"A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Pleconaril for the Treatment of Neonates with Enterovirus Sepsis","volume":"5","author":"Abzug","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. Soc."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2013.04.016","article-title":"Fatal encephalitis due to BK virus in a patient with common variable immunodeficiency: A case report","volume":"57","author":"Bakri","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-016-0336-8","article-title":"Neurologic Complications of Common Variable Immunodeficiency","volume":"36","author":"Nguyen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0910.030195","article-title":"West Nile virus meningitis in patient with common variable immunodeficiency","volume":"9","author":"Alonto","year":"2003","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_201","first-page":"31","article-title":"Primary hypogammaglobulinaemia: A survey of clinical manifestations and complications","volume":"86","author":"Hermaszewski","year":"1993","journal-title":"QJM An Int. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2010.11.004","article-title":"Common variable immunodeficiency presenting as herpes simplex virus encephalitis","volume":"127","author":"Borish","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.4103\/1755-6783.76183","article-title":"Herpes simplex encephalitis in a patient having common variable immuno-deficiency","volume":"3","author":"Ansari","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Med. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999-e57","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2010.02970.x","article-title":"Viral meningoencephalitis: A review of diagnostic methods and guidelines for management","volume":"17","author":"Steiner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_205","first-page":"S304","article-title":"Chronic infection with vaccine-derived neurovirulent poliovirus in common variable immunodeficiency and implications for world health","volume":"107","author":"MacLennan","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1086\/520449","article-title":"Measles inclusion-body encephalitis caused by the vaccine strain of measles virus","volume":"29","author":"Bitnun","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1177\/1941874414533352","article-title":"Poliomyelitis: Historical Facts, Epidemiology, and Current Challenges in Eradication","volume":"4","author":"Mehndiratta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurohospitalist"},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-virology-101416-041749","article-title":"Breaking the Last Chains of Poliovirus Transmission: Progress and Challenges in Global Polio Eradication","volume":"5","author":"Kew","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Virol."},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1711","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2018.02.059","article-title":"New insights into physiopathology of immunodeficiency-associated vaccine-derived poliovirus infection; systematic review of over 5 decades of data","volume":"36","author":"Shaghaghi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biologicals.2006.02.005","article-title":"Vaccine-derived poliovirus from long term excretors and the end game of polio eradication","volume":"34","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biologicals"},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1007\/s13312-017-1038-x","article-title":"Vaccine associated paralytic poliomyelitis unmasking common variable immunodeficiency","volume":"54","author":"Gomber","year":"2017","journal-title":"Indian Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S368","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu065","article-title":"Poliovirus excretion among persons with primary immune deficiency disorders: Summary of a seven-country study series","volume":"210","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_213","unstructured":"(2023, August 18). Inactivated Polio Vaccine Now Introduced Worldwide. Available online: https:\/\/www.gavi.org\/news\/media-room\/inactivated-polio-vaccine-now-introduced-worldwide."},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1788","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.03.028","article-title":"Ocular Manifestations in Primary Immunodeficiency Disorders: A Report From the United States Immunodeficiency Network (USIDNET) Registry","volume":"10","author":"Pham","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Pract."},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1089\/vim.2011.0060","article-title":"The uncommon combination of common variable immunodeficiency, macrophage activation syndrome, and cytomegalovirus retinitis","volume":"25","author":"Aghamohammadi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Viral Immunol."},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2021.06.017","article-title":"Human inborn errors of immunity to oncogenic viruses","volume":"72","author":"Jouanguy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2018.05.020","article-title":"Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)\u2013associated lymphoid proliferations, a 2018 update","volume":"79","author":"Rezk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-016-0306-1","article-title":"NF-\u03baB1 Haploinsufficiency Causing Immunodeficiency and EBV-Driven Lymphoproliferation","volume":"36","author":"Boztug","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2009.10.002","article-title":"Granulomatous-lymphocytic interstitial lung disease (GLILD) in common variable immunodeficiency (CVID)","volume":"134","author":"Park","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(02)00288-8","article-title":"Update on Kaposi\u2019s sarcoma and other HHV8 associated diseases. Part 2: Pathogenesis, Castleman\u2019s disease, and pleural effusion lymphoma","volume":"2","author":"Hengge","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2017.01.021","article-title":"British Lung Foundation\/United Kingdom Primary Immunodeficiency Network Consensus Statement on the Definition, Diagnosis, and Management of Granulomatous-Lymphocytic Interstitial Lung Disease in Common Variable Immunodeficiency Disorders","volume":"5","author":"Hurst","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Pract."},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1007\/s11882-005-0008-x","article-title":"Granulomatous disease in common variable immunodeficiency","volume":"5","author":"Morimoto","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr. Allergy Asthma Rep."},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627423","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.627423","article-title":"Granulomatous Lymphocytic Interstitial Lung Disease (GLILD) in Common Variable Immunodeficiency (CVID): A Multicenter Retrospective Study of Patients From Italian PID Referral Centers","volume":"12","author":"Cinetto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20050381","article-title":"Possible role of human herpesvirus 8 in the lymphoproliferative disorders in common variable immunodeficiency","volume":"202","author":"Wheat","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.gene.6363653","article-title":"Variation in immunoregulatory genes determines the clinical phenotype of common variable immunodeficiency","volume":"1","author":"Mullighan","year":"1999","journal-title":"Genes Immun."},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1006\/scbi.2000.0329","article-title":"Cytokine-mediated growth promotion of Kaposi\u2019s sarcoma and primary effusion lymphoma","volume":"10","author":"Ensoli","year":"2000","journal-title":"Semin. Cancer Biol."},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"German Advisory Committee Blood (Arbeitskreis Blut), and Subgroup \u2018Assessment of Pathogens Transmissible by Blood\u2019 (2016). Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Transfus. Med. Hemotherapy, 43, 203.","DOI":"10.1159\/000445852"},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2004.12.651","article-title":"Lack of seroconversion in a patient with CVID infected with HIV","volume":"115","author":"Padeh","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198608143150713","article-title":"HTLV-III seroconversion in a homosexual patient with common variable immunodeficiency","volume":"315","author":"Morell","year":"1986","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.54.9.713","article-title":"Long term recovery of IgG and IgM production during HIV infection in a patient with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID)","volume":"54","author":"Jolles","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_231","first-page":"309","article-title":"Recovery of antibody production after HIV infection in \u201ccommon\u201d variable hypogammaglobulinaemia","volume":"77","author":"Webster","year":"1989","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1516","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198712103172406","article-title":"Normalization of antibody responsiveness in a patient with common variable hypogammaglobulinemia and HIV infection","volume":"317","author":"Wright","year":"1987","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(86)92809-6","article-title":"Isolation of retroviruses from two patients with \u201ccommon variable\u201d hypogammaglobulinaemia","volume":"327","author":"Webster","year":"1986","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.15.3.485-505.2002","article-title":"Human parvovirus B19","volume":"15","author":"Heegaard","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2021026","DOI":"10.4084\/mjhid.2021.026","article-title":"Parvovirus B19 Infection in a Patient with Common Variable Immunodeficiency","volume":"13","author":"Zanelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mediterr. J. Hematol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8652(199903)60:3<222::AID-AJH9>3.0.CO;2-K","article-title":"Successful Treatment of Persistent Erythroid Aplasia Caused by Parvovirus B19 Infection in a Patient with Common Variable Immunodeficiency with Low-Dose Immunoglobulin","volume":"60","author":"Chuhjo","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reuma.2014.07.001","article-title":"Parvovirus B19 chronic monoarthritis in a patient with common variable immunodeficiency","volume":"11","author":"Moruno","year":"2015","journal-title":"Reumatol. Cl\u00ednica"},{"key":"ref_238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1711","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-2556","article-title":"Common variable immunodeficiency presenting with persistent parvovirus B19 infection","volume":"130","author":"Adams","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-023-00692-8","article-title":"Accelerating antiviral drug discovery: Lessons from COVID-19","volume":"22","author":"Hall","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1007\/s40121-022-00755-0","article-title":"Real-World Effectiveness of Sotrovimab for the Early Treatment of COVID-19 During SARS-CoV-2 Delta and Omicron Waves in the USA","volume":"12","author":"Cheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Ther."},{"key":"ref_241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1941","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2107934","article-title":"Early Treatment for COVID-19 with SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibody Sotrovimab","volume":"385","author":"Gupta","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-022-00495-3","article-title":"Antibodies to combat viral infections: Development strategies and progress","volume":"21","author":"Pantaleo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1089\/hum.2020.185","article-title":"Gene Editing for the Treatment of Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases","volume":"32","author":"Rai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum. Gene Ther."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/13\/6\/1717\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:14:42Z","timestamp":1760105682000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/13\/6\/1717"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,16]]},"references-count":243,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm13061717"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm13061717","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,16]]}}}