{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T08:54:18Z","timestamp":1785488058664,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,20]],"date-time":"2024-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710892800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) KAKENHI","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22K16936"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22K16936"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The indications for transcanal endoscopic ear surgery (TEES) for middle ear cholesteatoma have expanded for cases involving mastoid extension. However, TEES is not indicated for all cases with mastoid extension. In addition, predicting the extent of external auditory canal (EAC) removal needed for cholesteatoma resection is not always easy. The purpose of this study was to use augmented reality (AR) to project the lesion onto an intraoperative endoscopic image to predict EAC removal requirements and select an appropriate surgical approach. Methods: In this study, patients showing mastoid extension were operated on using a navigation system with an AR function (Stryker). Results: The results showed that some cases with lesions slightly extending into the antrum required extensive resection of the EAC, while cases with lesions extending throughout the antrum required smaller resection of the EAC, indicating TEES. Conclusions: By predicting the extent of the needed EAC removal, it is possible to determine whether TEES (a retrograde approach) or canal wall-up mastoidectomy, which preserves as much of the EAC as possible, should be performed. We believe that our findings will contribute to the success of middle ear surgeries and the implementation of robotic surgery in the future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13061780","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,20]],"date-time":"2024-03-20T05:56:07Z","timestamp":1710914167000},"page":"1780","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Augmented Reality-Assisted Transcanal Endoscopic Ear Surgery for Middle Ear Cholesteatoma"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Keisuke","family":"Tsuchida","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Jikei University School of Medicine, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7286-2326","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masahiro","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Jikei University School of Medicine, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takara","family":"Nakazawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Jikei University School of Medicine, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6263-0070","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sho","family":"Kurihara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Jikei University School of Medicine, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazuhisa","family":"Yamamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Jikei University School of Medicine, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4577-1234","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yutaka","family":"Yamamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Jikei University School of Medicine, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiromi","family":"Kojima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Jikei University School of Medicine, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"289","article-title":"The 10-year disease-free rate of attic cholesteatoma based on a new staging system","volume":"7","author":"Mishiro","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. 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