{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T04:21:23Z","timestamp":1792815683359,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":314,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,25]],"date-time":"2024-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711324800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Herb and Evelyn Abrams Family Amyloid Research Fund"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a slowly progressive condition characterized by decreased kidney function, tubular injury, oxidative stress, and inflammation. CKD is a leading global health burden that is asymptomatic in early stages but can ultimately cause kidney failure. Its etiology is complex and involves dysregulated signaling pathways that lead to fibrosis. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-\u03b2 is a central mediator in promoting transdifferentiation of polarized renal tubular epithelial cells into mesenchymal cells, resulting in irreversible kidney injury. While current therapies are limited, the search for more effective diagnostic and treatment modalities is intensive. Although biopsy with histology is the most accurate method of diagnosis and staging, imaging techniques such as diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging and shear wave elastography ultrasound are less invasive ways to stage fibrosis. Current therapies such as renin-angiotensin blockers, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, and sodium\/glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors aim to delay progression. Newer antifibrotic agents that suppress the downstream inflammatory mediators involved in the fibrotic process are in clinical trials, and potential therapeutic targets that interfere with TGF-\u03b2 signaling are being explored. Small interfering RNAs and stem cell-based therapeutics are also being evaluated. Further research and clinical studies are necessary in order to avoid dialysis and kidney transplantation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13071881","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,25]],"date-time":"2024-03-25T12:32:36Z","timestamp":1711369956000},"page":"1881","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":110,"title":["Fibrosis in Chronic Kidney Disease: Pathophysiology and Therapeutic Targets"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4478-2441","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Allison B.","family":"Reiss","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, NYU Grossman Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, NY 11501, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Berlin","family":"Jacob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, NYU Grossman Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, NY 11501, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3629-6184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aarij","family":"Zubair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, NYU Grossman Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, NY 11501, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ankita","family":"Srivastava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, NYU Grossman Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, NY 11501, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-8368-2199","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maryann","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, NYU Grossman Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, NY 11501, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua","family":"De Leon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, NYU Grossman Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, NY 11501, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kisu.2021.11.003","article-title":"Epidemiology of chronic kidney disease: An update 2022","volume":"12","author":"Kovesdy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Kidney Int. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-8871-2_1","article-title":"Prevalence and disease burden of chronic kidney disease","volume":"1165","author":"Lv","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00519-5","article-title":"Chronic kidney disease","volume":"398","author":"Jafar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2015.25","article-title":"Spotlight on CKD deaths\u2014Increasing mortality worldwide","volume":"11","author":"Rhee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2017.12.022","article-title":"Disease burden and challenges of chronic kidney disease in North and East Asia","volume":"94","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)32064-5","article-title":"Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"389","author":"Webster","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Escrib\u00e1-Mart\u00ed, G., C\u00e1mara-Ramos, I., Climent-Catal\u00e1, M.T., Escudero-Quesada, V., and Salar-Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez, L. (2022). Pharmaceutical care program for patients with chronic kidney disease in the community pharmacy: Detection of nephrotoxic drugs and dose adjustment. Viability study. PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0278648"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-021-02037-7","article-title":"Vascular pathologies in chronic kidney disease: Pathophysiological mechanisms and novel therapeutic approaches","volume":"99","author":"Zietzer","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pop.2020.08.001","article-title":"Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"47","author":"Charles","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prim. Care"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1111\/jch.14186","article-title":"Chronic kidney disease: Definition, updated epidemiology, staging, and mechanisms of increased cardiovascular risk","volume":"23","author":"Wilson","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2018.09.007","article-title":"Chronic Kidney Disease and Dietary Measures to Improve Outcomes","volume":"66","author":"Akchurin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.21873\/invivo.11019","article-title":"Pathophysiological Mechanisms of Renal Fibrosis: A Review of Animal Models and Therapeutic Strategies","volume":"31","author":"Nogueira","year":"2017","journal-title":"In Vivo"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5000054","article-title":"Renal fibrosis: New insights into the pathogenesis and therapeutics","volume":"69","author":"Liu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Panizo, S., Mart\u00ednez-Arias, L., Alonso-Montes, C., Cannata, P., Mart\u00edn-Carro, B., Fern\u00e1ndez-Mart\u00edn, J.L., Naves-D\u00edaz, M., Carrillo-L\u00f3pez, N., and Cannata-And\u00eda, J.B. (2021). Fibrosis in Chronic Kidney Disease: Pathogenesis and Consequences. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22010408"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000001608","article-title":"Kidney Fibrosis: Origins and Interventions","volume":"101","author":"Vanhove","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-022516-034227","article-title":"Mechanisms of Renal Fibrosis","volume":"80","author":"Humphreys","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2017.09.033","article-title":"Renal tubule injury: A driving force toward chronic kidney disease","volume":"93","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/1755-1536-7-4","article-title":"The extracellular matrix in the kidney: A source of novel non-invasive biomarkers of kidney fibrosis?","volume":"7","author":"Genovese","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fibrogenesis Tissue Repair"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-51436-9_13","article-title":"Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) and Endothelial to Mesenchymal Transition (EndMT): Role and Implications in Kidney Fibrosis","volume":"60","author":"Youker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Results Probl. Cell Differ."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.07900716","article-title":"Could MRI Be Used To Image Kidney Fibrosis? A Review of Recent Advances and Remaining Barriers","volume":"12","author":"Leung","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. J. Amer. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2213","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2017121260","article-title":"The Prognostic Value of Histopathologic Lesions in Native Kidney Biopsy Specimens: Results from the Boston Kidney Biopsy Cohort Study","volume":"29","author":"Srivastava","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1038\/kisup.2014.20","article-title":"Hypoxia and fibrosis in chronic kidney disease: Crossing at pericytes","volume":"4","author":"Kawakami","year":"2014","journal-title":"Kidney Int. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1159\/000496161","article-title":"Cortical Perfusion and Tubular Function as Evaluated by Magnetic Resonance Imaging Correlates with Annual Loss in Renal Function in Moderate Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"49","author":"Prasad","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V133806","article-title":"Role of the microvascular endothelium in progressive renal disease","volume":"13","author":"Kang","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2008.350","article-title":"Chronic hypoxia as a mechanism of progression of chronic kidney diseases: From hypothesis to novel therapeutics","volume":"74","author":"Fine","year":"2008","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3117","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2015050499","article-title":"YAP\/TAZ are mechanoregulators of TGF-\u03b2-Smad signaling and renal fibrogenesis","volume":"27","author":"Szeto","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F695","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00684.2013","article-title":"Regulation of Proximal Tubular Cell Differentiation and Proliferation in Primary Culture by Matrix Stiffness and ECM Components","volume":"307","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1097\/MNH.0000000000000490","article-title":"The many talents of transforming growth factor-\u03b2 in the kidney","volume":"28","author":"Gewin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G1147","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00032.2007","article-title":"Increased stiffness of the rat liver precedes matrix deposition: Implications for fibrosis","volume":"293","author":"Georges","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c120012","article-title":"Renal vascular structure and rarefaction","volume":"3","author":"Chade","year":"2013","journal-title":"Compr. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2019.02.009","article-title":"Noninvasive assessment of renal fibrosis by magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasound techniques","volume":"209","author":"Jiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12088","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.12088","article-title":"Automated quantification of renal fibrosis with Sirius Red and polarization contrast microscopy","volume":"2","author":"Street","year":"2014","journal-title":"Physiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, T., Yang, X., Zhang, M., Zhou, W., Jin, Y., Zhou, H., Zhou, Y., Wang, Q., and Mou, S. (2023). Effects of receiving renal biopsy on the prognosis of chronic kidney disease patients with impaired renal function. BMC Nephrol., 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-023-03097-2"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2018.10.011","article-title":"Update on the Native Kidney Biopsy: Core Curriculum 2019","volume":"73","author":"Luciano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2021.11.026","article-title":"Increasing Incidence of Inadequate Kidney Biopsy Samples Over Time: A 16-Year Retrospective Analysis From a Large National Renal Biopsy Laboratory","volume":"7","author":"Nissen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Kidney Int. Rep."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ASN.0000102472.37947.14","article-title":"Timing of complications in percutaneous renal biopsy","volume":"15","author":"Whittier","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.5527\/wjn.v3.i4.287","article-title":"Renal biopsy practice: What is the gold standard?","volume":"3","author":"Brachemi","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khosroshahi, H.T., Abedi, B., Daneshvar, S., Sarbaz, Y., and Shakeri Bavil, A. (2017). Future of the Renal Biopsy: Time to Change the Conventional Modality Using Nanotechnology. Int. J. Biomed. Imaging, 2017.","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/6141734"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1369\/0022155419849388","article-title":"Extracellular Matrix in Kidney Fibrosis: More Than Just a Scaffold","volume":"67","author":"Boor","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Histochem. Cytochem."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2257806","DOI":"10.1080\/0886022X.2023.2257806","article-title":"Comparison of outcomes of an 18-gauge vs 16-gauge ultrasound-guided percutaneous renal biopsy: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"45","author":"Zhan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ren. Fail."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.5527\/wjn.v12.i5.147","article-title":"Bleeding complications after percutaneous kidney biopsies\u2014Nationwide experience from Brunei Darussalam","volume":"12","author":"Lim","year":"2023","journal-title":"World J. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2386","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-022-09268-3","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound-based multimodal radiomics modeling for fibrosis detection in chronic kidney disease","volume":"33","author":"Ge","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2102","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfac185","article-title":"Usefulness of urinary biomarkers to estimate the interstitial fibrosis surface in diabetic nephropathy with normal kidney function","volume":"37","author":"Ge","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2053","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2021.02.016","article-title":"Advanced non-invasive diagnostic techniques for visualization and estimation of kidney fibrosis","volume":"26","author":"Srivastava","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Today"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1097\/MNH.0000000000000650","article-title":"Imaging of renal fibrosis","volume":"29","author":"Hysi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1159\/000513332","article-title":"Evaluation of renal fibrosis by mapping histology and magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1924","DOI":"10.34067\/KID.0004282022","article-title":"Magnetic Resonance Elastography as Surrogate Marker of Interstitial Fibrosis in Kidney Transplantation: A Prospective Study","volume":"3","author":"Chauveau","year":"2022","journal-title":"Kidney360"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfac054","article-title":"Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging allows non-invasive functional and structural evaluation of diabetic kidney disease","volume":"15","author":"Makvandi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Kidney J."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1159\/000504708","article-title":"Functional MRI as a Tool for Evaluating Interstitial Fibrosis and Prognosis in Kidney Disease","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"e4241","article-title":"Role of Ultrasound in the Diagnosis of Chronic Kidney Disease and its Correlation with Serum Creatinine Level","volume":"11","author":"Ahmed","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xkme.2022.100464","article-title":"Kidney Ultrasound for Nephrologists: A Review","volume":"4","author":"Singla","year":"2022","journal-title":"Kidney Med."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jus.2007.09.001","article-title":"The role of ultrasonography in the study of medical nephropathy","volume":"10","author":"Fiorini","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Ultrasound"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20180235","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.20180235","article-title":"Shear wave elastography in the evaluation of renal parenchymal stiffness in patients with chronic kidney disease","volume":"91","author":"Leong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2011.455","article-title":"Renal BOLD-MRI does not reflect renal function in chronic kidney disease","volume":"81","author":"Michaely","year":"2012","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1111\/cpf.12818","article-title":"Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging: A robust tool to test pathogenesis and pathophysiology behind nephropathy in humans","volume":"43","author":"Andersen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Physiol. Funct. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1097\/RCT.0000000000000890","article-title":"Correlation between Apparent Diffusion Coefficient Values of the Renal Parenchyma and Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rates on 3-T Diffusion-Weighted Echo-Planar Magnetic Resonance Imaging","volume":"43","author":"Thiravit","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16300","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-73202-0","article-title":"Renal fibrosis detected by diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging remains unchanged despite treatment in subjects with renovascular disease","volume":"10","author":"Ferguson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2017.03.005","article-title":"Recent Advances in Magnetic Resonance Imaging Assessment of Renal Fibrosis","volume":"24","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Chronic Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.4329\/wjr.v8.i9.785","article-title":"Diffusion weighted imaging: Technique and applications","volume":"8","author":"Baliyan","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Perrot, T., Sadjo Zoua, C., Glessgen, C.G., Botsikas, D., Berchtold, L., Salomir, R., De Seigneux, S., Thoeny, H.C., and Vall\u00e9e, J.P. (2022). Diffusion-Weighted MRI in the Genitourinary System. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11071921"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.10091735","article-title":"Assessment of renal fibrosis with diffusion-weighted MR imaging: Study with murine model of unilateral ureteral obstruction","volume":"255","author":"Togao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crad.2014.06.011","article-title":"Assessment of renal fibrosis in chronic kidney disease using diffusion-weighted MRI","volume":"69","author":"Zhao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2564","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2016101089","article-title":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Fibrotic Kidney","volume":"28","author":"Morrell","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.12111327","article-title":"Intravoxel incoherent motion and diffusion-tensor imaging in renal tissue under hydration and furosemide flow challenges","volume":"263","author":"Sigmund","year":"2012","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ii29","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfy163","article-title":"Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging to assess diffuse renal pathology: A systematic review and statement paper","volume":"33","author":"Caroli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1775-8633","article-title":"Multiparametric Functional MRI of the Kidney: Current State and Future Trends with Deep Learning Approaches. Multiparametrische funktionelle Nierenbildgebung in der MRT: Aktueller Status und zukunftsweisende Entwicklungen mit Deep Learning","volume":"194","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rofo"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4138","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-022-09329-7","article-title":"Evaluation of interstitial fibrosis in chronic kidney disease by multiparametric functional MRI and histopathologic analysis","volume":"33","author":"Mao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.14740\/jocmr4621","article-title":"Shear Wave Elastography in the Evaluation of Renal Parenchymal Stiffness in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"14","author":"Mo","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1879","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-021-05068-x","article-title":"Technical feasibility and correlations between shear-wave elastography and histology in kidney fibrosis in children","volume":"51","author":"Desvignes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iyama, T., Sugihara, T., Takata, T., and Isomoto, H. (2021). Renal Ultrasound Elastography: A Review of the Previous Reports on Chronic Kidney Diseases. Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app11209677"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e23561","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000023561","article-title":"Renal tissue elasticity by acoustic radiation force impulse: A prospective study of healthy kidney donors","volume":"100","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Samir, A.E., Allegretti, A.S., Zhu, Q., Dhyani, M., Anvari, A., Sullivan, D.A., Trottier, C.A., Dougherty, S., Williams, W.W., and Babitt, J.L. (2015). Shear wave elastography in chronic kidney disease: A pilot experience in native kidneys. BMC Nephrol., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-015-0120-7"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.895662","article-title":"Diagnostic Accuracy of Real-Time Shear Wave Elastography for Staging of Liver Fibrosis: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"22","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Monit."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.11152\/mu-1117","article-title":"Is there a correlation between kidney shear wave velocity measured with VTQ and histological parameters in patients with chronic glomerulonephritis? A pilot study","volume":"1","author":"Bob","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med. Ultrason."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2033","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2021.03.030","article-title":"Shear Wave Elastography: A Review on the Confounding Factors and Their Potential Mitigation in Detecting Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"47","author":"Lim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2014.07.010","article-title":"Therapeutic targets for treating fibrotic kidney diseases","volume":"165","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2632","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.26.9.2632","article-title":"Urinary connective tissue growth factor excretion in patients with type 1 diabetes and nephropathy","volume":"26","author":"Gilbert","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004289","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.1004289","article-title":"Factors associated with the progression of mesangial lesions in IgA nephropathy: A comparative analysis of renal re-biopsies","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1089\/dna.2023.0125","article-title":"Genotypic Analysis of COL4A1 Gene in Diabetic Nephropathy and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients: A Comparative Genetic Study","volume":"42","author":"Shukla","year":"2023","journal-title":"DNA Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neprasova, M., Maixnerova, D., Sparding, N., Genovese, F., Karsdal, M.A., Koprivova, H., Kollar, M., Suchanek, M., Hruskova, Z., and Tesar, V. (2023). Serum and Urine Biomarkers Related to Kidney Fibrosis Predict Kidney Outcome in Czech Patients with IgA Nephropathy. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24032064"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfz174","article-title":"Imbalanced turnover of collagen type III is associated with disease progression and mortality in high-risk chronic kidney disease patients","volume":"14","author":"Genovese","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Kidney J."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfv301","article-title":"Turnover of type III collagen reflects disease severity and is associated with progression and microinflammation in patients with IgA nephropathy","volume":"31","author":"Genovese","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transpl."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.04360422","article-title":"Urine Uromodulin as a Biomarker of Kidney Tubulointerstitial Fibrosis","volume":"17","author":"Melchinger","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1097\/MNH.0000000000000885","article-title":"Uromodulin: More than a marker for chronic kidney disease progression","volume":"32","author":"LaFavers","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mansour, S.G., Puthumana, J., Coca, S.G., Gentry, M., and Parikh, C.R. (2017). Biomarkers for the detection of renal fibrosis and prediction of renal outcomes: A systematic review. BMC Nephrol., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-017-0490-0"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1369\/0022155419861092","article-title":"Biomarkers of Chronic Renal Tubulointerstitial Injury","volume":"67","author":"Bagnasco","year":"2019","journal-title":"Histochem. Cytochem."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.1865","article-title":"An efficient and versatile system for acute and chronic modulation of renal tubular function in transgenic mice","volume":"14","author":"Greiner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-28096-z","article-title":"A Klotho-derived peptide protects against kidney fibrosis by targeting TGF-\u03b2 signaling","volume":"13","author":"Yuan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, S.H., Jin, J.A., So, H.J., Lee, S.H., Kang, T.W., Lee, J.U., Choi, D.E., Jeong, J.Y., Chang, Y.K., and Choi, H. (2022). Urine-Derived Stem Cell-Secreted Klotho Plays a Crucial Role in the HK-2 Fibrosis Model by Inhibiting the TGF-\u03b2 Signaling Pathway. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23095012"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2021.01.021","article-title":"Biomarkers of Kidney Tubule Health, CKD Progression, and Acute Kidney Injury in SPRINT (Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial) Participants","volume":"78","author":"Bullen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e139927","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI139927","article-title":"Biomarkers of inflammation and repair in kidney disease progression","volume":"131","author":"Puthumana","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.2012.68","article-title":"Involvement of matrix metalloproteinase-2 in the development of renal interstitial fibrosis in mouse obstructive nephropathy","volume":"92","author":"Du","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lab. Investig."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569322","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.569322","article-title":"New Insights Into the Role and Mechanism of Partial Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Kidney Fibrosis","volume":"11","author":"Sheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2010.10.009","article-title":"Basigin\/CD147 promotes renal fibrosis after unilateral ureteral obstruction","volume":"178","author":"Kato","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tveitar\u00e5s, M.K., Skogstrand, T., Leh, S., Helle, F., Iversen, B.M., Chatziantoniou, C., Reed, R.K., and Hultstr\u00f6m, M. (2015). Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 Knockout and Heterozygote Mice Are Protected from Hydronephrosis and Kidney Fibrosis after Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0143390"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1515\/biol-2022-0482","article-title":"Role of MMP-2 and CD147 in kidney fibrosis","volume":"17","author":"Cheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Open Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-022-00590-z","article-title":"The fibrogenic niche in kidney fibrosis: Components and mechanisms","volume":"18","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, M., Liu, Z., Li, L., and Liu, Y. (2023). Cell-cell communication in kidney fibrosis. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant.","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfad257"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01379-7","article-title":"Kidney fibrosis: From mechanisms to therapeutic medicines","volume":"8","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2023.01.021","article-title":"Proteomic landscape of the extracellular matrix in the fibrotic kidney","volume":"103","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2016020165","article-title":"Tenascin-C Is a Major Component of the Fibrogenic Niche in Kidney Fibrosis","volume":"28","author":"Fu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-8871-2_17","article-title":"Connective Tissue Growth Factor and Renal Fibrosis","volume":"1165","author":"Yin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabc7170","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abc7170","article-title":"Fibrillin-1-enriched microenvironment drives endothelial injury and vascular rarefaction in chronic kidney disease","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4708","DOI":"10.1039\/D3LC00393K","article-title":"A biomimetic renal fibrosis progression model on-chip evaluates anti-fibrotic effects longitudinally in a dynamic fibrogenic niche","volume":"23","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2015.00082","article-title":"TGF-\u03b2\/Smad signaling in renal fibrosis","volume":"6","author":"Meng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8655","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.174037","article-title":"Klotho inhibits transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) signaling and suppresses renal fibrosis and cancer metastasis in mice","volume":"286","author":"Doi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2016.08.019","article-title":"The cellular and signalling alterations conducted by TGF-\u03b2 contributing to renal fibrosis","volume":"88","author":"Vega","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2018.07.008","article-title":"New insights into TGF-\u03b2\/Smad signaling in tissue fibrosis","volume":"292","author":"Hu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Interact."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12076","article-title":"SMAD regulatory networks construct a balanced immune system","volume":"139","author":"Malhotra","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2022.04.002","article-title":"MicroRNA-10a\/b inhibit TGF-\u03b2\/Smad-induced renal fibrosis by targeting TGF-\u03b2 receptor 1 in diabetic kidney disease","volume":"28","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Ther. Nucleic Acids"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2019.12.010","article-title":"TGF-\u03b21\u2014A truly transforming growth factor in fibrosis and immunity","volume":"101","author":"Lodyga","year":"2020","journal-title":"Semin. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaav5183","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.aav5183","article-title":"Specificity, versatility, and control of TGF-beta family signaling","volume":"12","author":"Derynck","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Signal."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3957","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.emboj.7601818","article-title":"TGF-beta activates Erk MAP kinase signalling through direct phosphorylation of ShcA","volume":"26","author":"Lee","year":"2007","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2795","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.71595","article-title":"Smad3 Signatures in Renal Inflammation and Fibrosis","volume":"18","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.02.090","article-title":"Central role of dysregulation of TGF-\u03b2\/Smad in CKD progression and potential targets of its treatment","volume":"101","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-8871-2_18","article-title":"Inflammatory Mediators and Renal Fibrosis","volume":"1165","author":"Meng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-8871-2_9","article-title":"Mesangial cells and renal fibrosis","volume":"1165","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740527","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.740527","article-title":"The Glomerulus According to the Mesangium","volume":"8","author":"Ebefors","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1755.2004.00777.x","article-title":"DNAzyme for TGF-beta suppressed extracellular matrix accumulation in experimental glomerulonephritis","volume":"66","author":"Isaka","year":"2004","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gilham, D., Wasiak, S., Rakai, B.D., Fu, L., Tsujikawa, L.M., Sarsons, C.D., Carestia, A., Lebioda, K., Johansson, J.O., and Sweeney, M. (2023). Apabetalone Downregulates Fibrotic, Inflammatory and Calcific Processes in Renal Mesangial Cells and Patients with Renal Impairment. Biomedicines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11061663"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2016.11.010","article-title":"Blocking lysophosphatidic acid receptor 1 signaling inhibits diabetic nephropathy in db\/db mice","volume":"91","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F1138","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00315.2002","article-title":"Diabetic kidney disease in the db\/db mouse","volume":"284","author":"Sharma","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, D., Nam, G.Y., Seo, E., and Jun, H.S. (2022). Inhibition of ChREBP ubiquitination via the ROS\/Akt-dependent downregulation of Smurf2 contributes to lysophosphatidic acid-induced fibrosis in renal mesangial cells. J. Biomed. Sci., 29.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-022-00814-1"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.10924","article-title":"Clinical Manifestations of Kidney Disease Among US Adults With Diabetes, 1988\u20132014","volume":"316","author":"Afkarian","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2018.02.028","article-title":"Gene expression profiles of glomerular endothelial cells support their role in the glomerulopathy of diabetic mice","volume":"94","author":"Fu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3683","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2017-00930","article-title":"Plasma leucine-rich alpha-2-glycoprotein 1 predicts rapid eGFR decline and albuminuria progression in type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"102","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2018060599","article-title":"LRG1 Promotes Diabetic Kidney Disease Progression by Enhancing TGF-\u03b2-Induced Angiogenesis","volume":"30","author":"Hong","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2021.10.023","article-title":"Modulation of transforming growth factor-\u03b2-induced kidney fibrosis by leucine-rich \u237a-2 glycoprotein-1","volume":"101","author":"Hong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, Z., Zhang, S., Han, T., Cai, L., Zhong, S., Yang, X., Zhang, S., Li, Y., Liu, K., and Zhou, B. (2024). Continuous genetic monitoring of transient mesenchymal gene activities in distal tubule and collecting duct epithelial cells during renal fibrosis. J. Cell. Biochem.","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.30541"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2002.00430.x","article-title":"Epithelial-mesenchymal transition of tubular epithelial cells in human renal biopsies","volume":"62","author":"Rastaldi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI39104","article-title":"The basics of epithelial-mesenchymal transition","volume":"119","author":"Kalluri","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, C.H., and Yoo, T.H. (2022). TGF-\u03b2 Inhibitors for Therapeutic Management of Kidney Fibrosis. Pharmaceuticals, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph15121485"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-44886-z","article-title":"WNT-dependent interaction between inflammatory fibroblasts and FOLR2+ macrophages promotes fibrosis in chronic kidney disease","volume":"15","author":"Cohen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2018.08.008","article-title":"Polarized M2c macrophages have a promoting effect on the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition of human renal tubular epithelial cells","volume":"223","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46065","DOI":"10.1038\/srep46065","article-title":"Alpha-lipoic acid ameliorates the epithelial mesenchymal transition induced by unilateral ureteral obstruction in mice","volume":"7","author":"Cho","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, H., Bai, Y., Fu, C., Liu, W., and Diao, Z. (2023). Exosomes from high glucose-treated macrophages promote epithelial-mesenchymal transition of renal tubular epithelial cells via long non-coding RNAs. BMC Nephrol., 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-023-03065-w"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)61209-6","article-title":"Conditional ablation of macrophages halts progression of crescentic glomerulonephritis","volume":"167","author":"Duffield","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, C.C., Chien, C.T., and Chang, T.C. (2016). M2 Macrophage polarization modulates epithelial-mesenchymal transition in cisplatin-induced tubulointerstitial fibrosis. Biomedicine, 6.","DOI":"10.7603\/s40681-016-0005-5"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3218","article-title":"Origin and function of myofibroblasts in kidney fibrosis","volume":"19","author":"LeBleu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.175.1.342","article-title":"Macrophages sequentially change their functional phenotype in response to changes in microenvironmental influences","volume":"175","author":"Stout","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1159\/000373932","article-title":"Regulation of renal fibrosis by macrophage polarization","volume":"35","author":"Pan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-023-05782-4","article-title":"Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 promotes renal fibrosis after acute kidney injury by inducing epithelial-mesenchymal transition and activation of M2 macrophage polarization","volume":"14","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954574","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.954574","article-title":"Interaction Between Intrinsic Renal Cells and Immune Cells in the Progression of Acute Kidney Injury","volume":"9","author":"Deng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.21037\/tau-22-506","article-title":"Single-nucleotide polymorphisms of matrix metalloproteinase genes are associated with graft fibrosis after kidney transplantation","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transl. Androl. Urol."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2009.080983","article-title":"Disruption of E-cadherin by matrix metalloproteinase directly mediates epithelial-mesenchymal transition downstream of transforming growth factor-beta1 in renal tubular epithelial cells","volume":"175","author":"Zheng","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_146","first-page":"21","article-title":"Matrix Metalloproteinases-7 and Kidney Fibrosis","volume":"8","author":"Ke","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2007.01.011","article-title":"Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs): Chemical-biological functions and (Q)SARs","volume":"15","author":"Verma","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1255354","article-title":"Macrophages: Master regulators of inflammation and fibrosis","volume":"30","author":"Wynn","year":"2010","journal-title":"Semin. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2010.090188","article-title":"Macrophage matrix metalloproteinase-9 mediates epithelial-mesenchymal transition in vitro in murine renal tubular cells","volume":"176","author":"Tan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F973","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00216.2010","article-title":"Mice lacking the matrix metalloproteinase-9 gene reduce renal interstitial fibrosis in obstructive nephropathy","volume":"299","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1096\/fba.2022-00080","article-title":"Exosomes from tubular epithelial cells undergoing epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition promote renal fibrosis by M1 macrophage activation","volume":"5","author":"Lu","year":"2023","journal-title":"FASEB Bioadv."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.23074","article-title":"Monocytes induce proximal tubular epithelial-mesenchymal transition through NF-kappa B dependent upregulation of ICAM-1","volume":"112","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morishita, Y., Watanabe, M., Nakazawa, E., Ishibashi, K., and Kusano, E. (2011). The interaction of LFA-1 on mononuclear cells and ICAM-1 on tubular epithelial cells accelerates TGF-\u03b21-induced renal epithelial-mesenchymal transition. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0023267"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Masola, V., Zaza, G., Gambaro, G., Onisto, M., Bellin, G., Vischini, G., Khamaysi, I., Hassan, A., Hamoud, S., and Nativ, O. (2016). Heparanase: A Potential New Factor Involved in the Renal Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) Induced by Ischemia\/Reperfusion (I\/R) Injury. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0160074"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2643","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20210858","article-title":"Early elimination of uremic toxin ameliorates AKI-to-CKD transition","volume":"135","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.2.812","article-title":"Antibody to intercellular adhesion molecule 1 protects the kidney against ischemic injury","volume":"91","author":"Kelly","year":"1994","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2023.110691","article-title":"Hyperforin regulates renal fibrosis via targeting the PI3K-AKT\/ICAM1 axis","volume":"108","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell. Signal."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jang, H.N., Kim, J.H., Jung, M.H., Tak, T., Jung, J.H., Lee, S., Jung, S., Chang, S.H., and Kim, H.J. (2022). Human Endothelial Progenitor Cells Protect the Kidney against Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury via the NLRP3 Inflammasome in Mice. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23031546"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2250877","DOI":"10.1080\/0886022X.2023.2250877","article-title":"Serum amyloid A and risks of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in chronic kidney disease: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis","volume":"45","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ren. Fail."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2016.07.018","article-title":"Serum amyloid a and risk of death and end-stage renal disease in diabetic kidney disease","volume":"30","author":"Dieter","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Complicat."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197432","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2023.1197432","article-title":"Serum amyloid A and metabolic disease: Evidence for a critical role in chronic inflammatory conditions","volume":"10","author":"May","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112856","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2021.112856","article-title":"SAA1 is transcriptionally activated by STAT3 and accelerates renal interstitial fibrosis by inducing endoplasmic reticulum stress","volume":"408","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566535","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.566535","article-title":"Inhibition of Fatty Acid-Binding Protein 4 Attenuated Kidney Fibrosis by Mediating Macrophage-to-Myofibroblast Transition","volume":"11","author":"Feng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_164","first-page":"CD007751","article-title":"Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers for adults with early (stage 1 to 3) non-diabetic chronic kidney disease","volume":"7","author":"Cooper","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2000.00277.x","article-title":"Aldosterone modulates plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and glomerulosclerosis in vivo","volume":"58","author":"Brown","year":"2000","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107680","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2019.05.020","article-title":"The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and its therapeutic targets","volume":"186","author":"Danser","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15926","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M909616199","article-title":"Angiotensin II induces transactivation of two different populations of the platelet-derived growth factor beta receptor. Key role for the p66 adaptor protein Shc","volume":"275","author":"Heeneman","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1038\/s41440-022-00902-7","article-title":"Role of renin-angiotensin system blockade in advanced CKD: To use or not to use?","volume":"45","author":"Mukoyama","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hypertens. Res."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1730","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.15225","article-title":"Comparison of the effects of standard vs low-dose prolonged-release tacrolimus with or without ACEi\/ARB on the histology and function of renal allografts","volume":"19","author":"Cockfield","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-8871-2_33","article-title":"Antifibrotic Roles of RAAS Blockers: Update","volume":"1165","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1627","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00038.2017","article-title":"Angiotensin II Signal Transduction: An Update on Mechanisms of Physiology and Pathophysiology","volume":"98","author":"Forrester","year":"2018","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matbio.2020.04.005","article-title":"Targeting the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in fibrosis","volume":"91\u201392","author":"AlQudah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Matrix Biol."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1159\/000499876","article-title":"Matrix Metalloproteinases in Renal Diseases: A Critical Appraisal","volume":"44","author":"Zakiyanov","year":"2019","journal-title":"Kidney Blood Press. Res."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2010040384","article-title":"Angiotensin II as a morphogenic cytokine stimulating renal fibrogenesis","volume":"22","author":"Wolf","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4790","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.29356","article-title":"MKL1 mediates TGF-\u03b2-induced CTGF transcription to promote renal fibrosis","volume":"235","author":"Mao","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3154","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfm410","article-title":"Aldosterone induces CTGF in mesangial cells by activation of the glucocorticoid receptor","volume":"22","author":"Gauer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s41232-018-0070-0","article-title":"CTGF in kidney fibrosis and glomerulonephritis","volume":"38","author":"Toda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Inflamm. Regen."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1755.1998.00820.x","article-title":"Expression of connective tissue growth factor in human renal fibrosis","volume":"53","author":"Ito","year":"1998","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1937","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)63552-3","article-title":"Angiotensin II increases connective tissue growth factor in the kidney","volume":"163","author":"Esteban","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10933","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-15118-5","article-title":"Vaccination against connective tissue growth factor attenuates the development of renal fibrosis","volume":"12","author":"Nakayama","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3706","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.26017","article-title":"Protection of CTGF antibody against diabetic nephropathy in mice via reducing glomerular \u03b2-catenin expression and podocyte epithelial-mesenchymal transition","volume":"118","author":"Dai","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/1755-1536-4-4","article-title":"Cooperative interaction of CTGF and TGF-\u03b2 in animal models of fibrotic disease","volume":"4","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Fibrogenesis Tissue Repair"},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2004.12.226","article-title":"Inhibition of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 by angiotensin II receptor blockers on cyclosporine-treated renal allograft recipients","volume":"37","author":"Ishikawa","year":"2005","journal-title":"Transplant. Proc."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, Z., Nie, H., Liu, G., Li, P., Peng, Y.H., Xiao, J., Gu, W., and Li, T.S. (2023). Losartan alleviates renal fibrosis by inhibiting the biomechanical stress-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition of renal epithelial cells. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 748.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2023.109770"},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kisu.2021.11.006","article-title":"The role of mineralocorticoid receptor activation in kidney inflammation and fibrosis","volume":"12","author":"Luther","year":"2022","journal-title":"Kidney Int. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2013.110","article-title":"Contribution of aldosterone to cardiovascular and renal inflammation and fibrosis","volume":"9","author":"Brown","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1097\/FJC.0b013e318274d2ef","article-title":"Reduction of aldosterone production improves renal oxidative stress and fibrosis in diabetic rats","volume":"61","author":"Matavelli","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3152","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.15734","article-title":"The mineralocorticoid receptor in chronic kidney disease","volume":"179","author":"Jaisser","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s10157-011-0498-x","article-title":"Aldosterone stimulates nuclear factor-kappa B activity and transcription of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and connective tissue growth factor in rat mesangial cells via serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible protein kinase-1","volume":"16","author":"Terada","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e157165","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI157165","article-title":"Single-cell transcriptomics and chromatin accessibility profiling elucidate the kidney-protective mechanism of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists","volume":"134","author":"Abedini","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e115","DOI":"10.1159\/000339500","article-title":"Aldosterone induces kidney fibroblast proliferation via activation of growth factor receptors and PI3K\/MAPK signalling","volume":"120","author":"Huang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nephron Exp. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859812","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.859812","article-title":"Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonism Prevents the Synergistic Effect of Metabolic Challenge and Chronic Kidney Disease on Renal Fibrosis and Inflammation in Mice","volume":"13","author":"Bonnard","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1038\/s41440-019-0211-0","article-title":"Effect of a novel nonsteroidal selective mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, esaxerenone (CS-3150), on blood pressure and renal injury in high salt-treated type 2 diabetic mice","volume":"42","author":"Bhuiyan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hypertens. Res."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-021-00490-8","article-title":"Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists in diabetic kidney disease\u2014Mechanistic and therapeutic effects","volume":"18","author":"Bakris","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3220","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.15747","article-title":"Novel non-steroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists in cardiorenal disease","volume":"179","author":"Kintscher","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2931","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehac299","article-title":"Non-steroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists in cardiorenal disease","volume":"43","author":"Pandey","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1859","DOI":"10.1007\/s11886-023-01998-0","article-title":"Cardiovascular and Renal Benefit of Novel Non-steroidal Mineralocorticoid Antagonists in Patients with Diabetes","volume":"25","author":"Kintscher","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Cardiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1885","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfad139","article-title":"Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist use in chronic kidney disease with type 2 diabetes: A clinical practice document by the European Renal Best Practice (ERBP) board of the European Renal Association (ERA)","volume":"16","author":"Sarafidis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Kidney J."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1159\/000503713","article-title":"Design and baseline characteristics of the Finerenone in Reducing Kidney Failure and Disease Progression in Diabetic Kidney Disease trial","volume":"50","author":"Bakris","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2219","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2025845","article-title":"Effect of Finerenone on Chronic Kidney Disease Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"383","author":"Bakris","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2991","DOI":"10.2337\/dc22-0294","article-title":"Finerenone in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease and Type 2 Diabetes by Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitor Treatment: The FIDELITY Analysis","volume":"45","author":"Rossing","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/s10157-023-02413-2","article-title":"The role of a novel mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, finerenone, in chronic kidney disease: Mechanisms and clinical advances","volume":"28","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1007\/s40620-022-01492-w","article-title":"Real-world evidence for steroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists in patients with chronic kidney disease","volume":"36","author":"Folkerts","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2020.11.019","article-title":"Aldosterone Antagonists in Addition to Renin Angiotensin System Antagonists for Preventing the Progression of CKD: Editorial Summary of a Cochrane Review","volume":"77","author":"Chung","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654557","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.654557","article-title":"Sodium-Glucose Co-transporter-2 Inhibitors and Nephroprotection in Diabetic Patients: More Than a Challenge","volume":"8","author":"Provenzano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2295","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1811744","article-title":"CREDENCE Trial Investigators Canagliflozin and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy","volume":"380","author":"Perkovic","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1436","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2024816","article-title":"Dapagliflozin in patients with chronic kidney disease","volume":"383","author":"Heerspink","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-022-01512-w","article-title":"The current role of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors in type 2 diabetes mellitus management","volume":"21","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3579","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S240903","article-title":"SGLT2 Inhibitors in the Management of Type 1 Diabetes (T1D): An Update on Current Evidence and Recommendations","volume":"16","author":"Maffei","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Obes."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777861","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.777861","article-title":"Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors Mechanisms of Action: A Review","volume":"8","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F761","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00552.2020","article-title":"Effects of SGLT2 inhibitor and dietary NaCl on glomerular hemodynamics assessed by micropuncture in diabetic rats","volume":"320","author":"Thomson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol."},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897167","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.897167","article-title":"SGLT2 inhibitors suppress epithelial-mesenchymal transition in podocytes under diabetic conditions via downregulating the IGF1R\/PI3K pathway","volume":"13","author":"Guo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205834","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1205834","article-title":"Dapagliflozin alleviates renal inflammation and protects against diabetic kidney diseases, both dependent and independent of blood glucose levels","volume":"14","author":"Cai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pirklbauer, M., Sallaberger, S., Staudinger, P., Corazza, U., Leierer, J., Mayer, G., and Schramek, H. (2021). Empagliflozin Inhibits IL-1\u03b2-Mediated Inflammatory Response in Human Proximal Tubular Cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22105089"},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C661","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00177.2023","article-title":"Reno- and cardioprotective molecular mechanisms of SGLT2 inhibitors beyond glycemic control: From bedside to bench","volume":"325","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13228","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.13228","article-title":"Sodium glucose transporter-2 inhibition has no renoprotective effects on non-diabetic chronic kidney disease","volume":"5","author":"Ma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Physiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e98720","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.98720","article-title":"SGLT2 inhibitor dapagliflozin limits podocyte damage in proteinuric nondiabetic nephropathy","volume":"3","author":"Cassis","year":"2018","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F412","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00445.2017","article-title":"Dapagliflozin in focal segmental glomerulosclerosis: A combined human-rodent pilot study","volume":"314","author":"Rajasekeran","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol."},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.5414\/CN111143","article-title":"Effect of canagliflozin in non-diabetic obese patients with albuminuria: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"100","author":"Greeviroj","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2944","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.15191","article-title":"Mediators between canagliflozin and renoprotection vary depending on patient characteristics: Insights from the CREDENCE trial","volume":"25","author":"Doi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. Metab."},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2022.12.015","article-title":"Kidney and Cardiovascular Effects of Canagliflozin According to Age and Sex: A Post Hoc Analysis of the CREDENCE Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"82","author":"Yi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i33","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfz264","article-title":"Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors: Extending the indication to non-diabetic kidney disease?","volume":"35","author":"Dekkers","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Isaka, Y. (2018). Targeting TGF-\u03b2 signaling in kidney fibrosis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19092532"},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751499","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.751499","article-title":"Pharmacological basis of the antifibrotic effects of pirfenidone: Mechanistic insights from cardiac in-vitro and in-vivo models","volume":"9","author":"Sartiani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.2220\/biomedres.34.309","article-title":"Renoprotective mechanisms of pirfenidone in hypertension-induced renal injury: Through anti-fibrotic and anti-oxidative stress pathways","volume":"34","author":"Ji","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomed. Res."},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F676","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00507.2012","article-title":"Pirfenidone inhibits macrophage infiltration in 5\/6 nephrectomized rats","volume":"304","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol."},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2021.174503","article-title":"Pirfenidone is a renal protective drug: Mechanisms, signaling pathways, and preclinical evidence","volume":"911","author":"Bai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1183\/09059180.00001111","article-title":"Antifibrotic activities of pirfenidone in animal models","volume":"20","author":"Schaefer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. Rev."},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2008090931","article-title":"Pirfenidone is renoprotective in diabetic kidney disease","volume":"20","author":"RamachandraRao","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1111\/nep.12831","article-title":"Pirfenidone suppresses the MAPK signalling pathway to reverse epithelial-mesenchymal transition and renal fibrosis","volume":"22","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nephrology"},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2016.08.002","article-title":"Oral pirfenidone protects against fibrosis by inhibiting fibroblast proliferation and TGF-\u03b2 signaling in a murine colitis model","volume":"117","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2023.109628","article-title":"Niclosamide inhibits TGF-\u03b21-induced fibrosis of human Tenon\u2019s fibroblasts by regulating the MAPK-ERK1\/2 pathway","volume":"235","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-011-1181-y","article-title":"TGF-\u03b21 \u2192 SMAD\/p53\/USF2 \u2192 PAI-1 transcriptional axis in ureteral obstruction-induced renal fibrosis","volume":"347","author":"Samarakoon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2021.110123","article-title":"Backstage players of fibrosis: NOX4, mTOR, HDAC, and S1P; companions of TGF-\u03b2","volume":"87","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell. Signal."},{"key":"ref_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1186\/s10020-023-00657-y","article-title":"Nr4a1 promotes renal interstitial fibrosis by regulating the p38 MAPK phosphorylation","volume":"29","author":"Tao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20160571","article-title":"miR-378 reduces mesangial hypertrophy and kidney tubular fibrosis via MAPK signalling","volume":"131","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"ref_237","first-page":"S239","article-title":"Pirfenidone prevents collagen accumulation in the remnant kidney in rats with partial nephrectomy","volume":"63","author":"Shimizu","year":"1997","journal-title":"Kidney Int. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-6143.2002.020201.x","article-title":"Pirfenidone treatment decreases transforming growth factor-beta1 and matrix proteins and ameliorates fibrosis in chronic cyclosporine nephrotoxicity","volume":"2","author":"Shihab","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1097\/01.TP.0000151721.99418.48","article-title":"Effect of pirfenidone on apoptosis-regulatory genes in chronic cyclosporine nephrotoxicity","volume":"79","author":"Shihab","year":"2005","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116666","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2019.116666","article-title":"Renoprotective effects of pirfenidone on chronic renal allograft dysfunction by reducing renal interstitial fibrosis in a rat model","volume":"233","author":"Qiu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.01050207","article-title":"Pirfenidone slows renal function decline in patients with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis","volume":"2","author":"Cho","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1517\/13543780903501539","article-title":"Pirfenidone: An anti-fibrotic therapy for progressive kidney disease","volume":"19","author":"Cho","year":"2010","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e114","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000003678","article-title":"Kidney Allograft Fibrosis: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategies","volume":"105","author":"Saritas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_244","first-page":"e34572","article-title":"Lifestyle Modifications and Nutritional and Therapeutic Interventions in Delaying the Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease: A Review","volume":"15","author":"Alkhatib","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-021-00242-0","article-title":"The glomerular filtration barrier: A structural target for novel kidney therapies","volume":"20","author":"Daehn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-023-03464-w","article-title":"Blood TGF-\u03b21 and miRNA-21-5p levels predict renal fibrosis and outcome in IgA nephropathy","volume":"55","author":"Bharti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. Urol. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2021.11.010","article-title":"Antifibrotic Agents for the Management of CKD: A Review","volume":"80","author":"Lamas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_248","unstructured":"Armstrong, A. (2022). Sanofi walks away from kidney disease therapy, leaving $25M in milestones out of reach for Regulus. Fierce Biotech., Available online: https:\/\/www.fiercebiotech.com\/biotech\/sanofi-walks-away-kidney-disease-therapy-leaving-25m-milestones-out-reach-regulus."},{"key":"ref_249","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F793","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00273.2011","article-title":"Identification of a microRNA signature in renal fibrosis: Role of miR-21","volume":"301","author":"Zarjou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol."},{"key":"ref_250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI75852","article-title":"Anti-microRNA-21 oligonucleotides prevent Alport nephropathy progression by stimulating metabolic pathways","volume":"125","author":"Gomez","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1089\/hum.2018.205","article-title":"Dysregulated Expression of microRNA-21 and Disease-Related Genes in Human Patients and in a Mouse Model of Alport Syndrome","volume":"30","author":"Guo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum. Gene Ther."},{"key":"ref_252","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rubel, D., Boulanger, J., Craciun, F., Xu, E.Y., Zhang, Y., Phillips, L., Callahan, M., Weber, W., Song, W., and Ngai, N. (2022). Anti-microRNA-21 Therapy on Top of ACE Inhibition Delays Renal Failure in Alport Syndrome Mouse Models. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11040594"},{"key":"ref_253","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gluba-Sagr, A., Franczyk, B., Rysz-G\u00f3rzy\u0144ska, M., \u0141awi\u0144ski, J., and Rysz, J. (2023). The Role of miRNA in Renal Fibrosis Leading to Chronic Kidney Disease. Biomedicines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11092358"},{"key":"ref_254","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-023-02594-3","article-title":"PDGF\u03b2 receptor-targeted delivery of truncated transforming growth factor \u03b2 receptor type II for improving the in vitro and in vivo anti-renal fibrosis activity via strong inactivation of TGF-\u03b21\/Smad signaling pathway","volume":"397","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, L., Wang, H.L., Liu, T.T., and Lan, H.Y. (2021). TGF-Beta as a Master Regulator of Diabetic Nephropathy. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22157881"},{"key":"ref_256","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohammad, H.M.F., Galal Gouda, S., Eladl, M.A., Elkazaz, A.Y., Elbayoumi, K.S., Farag, N.E., Elshormilisy, A., Al-Ammash, B.B., Hegazy, A., and Abdelkhalig, S.M. (2023). Metformin suppresses LRG1 and TGF\u03b21\/ALK1-induced angiogenesis and protects against ultrastructural changes in rat diabetic nephropathy. Biomed. Pharmacother., 158.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2022.114128"},{"key":"ref_257","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14250","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202001026R","article-title":"MFAP4 deficiency alleviates renal fibrosis through inhibition of NF-\u03baB and TGF-\u03b2\/Smad signaling pathways","volume":"34","author":"Pan","year":"2020","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_258","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26235","DOI":"10.1038\/srep26235","article-title":"Whole-transcriptome analysis of UUO mouse model of renal fibrosis reveals new molecular players in kidney diseases","volume":"6","author":"Arvaniti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_259","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2022.03.006","article-title":"A Klotho-Derived Peptide as a Possible Novel Drug to Prevent Kidney Fibrosis","volume":"80","author":"Isakova","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.89105","article-title":"Klotho-derived peptide 1 inhibits cellular senescence in the fibrotic kidney by restoring Klotho expression via posttranscriptional regulation","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2022.175116","article-title":"Targeted inhibition of TGF-\u03b2 type I receptor by AZ12601011 protects against kidney fibrosis","volume":"929","author":"Suo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_262","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.4155\/fmc-2022-0278","article-title":"Recent advances in the development of HIPK2 inhibitors as anti-renal fibrosis agents","volume":"15","author":"Hao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Future Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_263","first-page":"7362","article-title":"A novel peptide ligand-coated nano-siRNA-lipoplex technology for kidney targeted gene therapy","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_264","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.labinv.2023.100131","article-title":"MicroRNA-26a-5p Restoration Ameliorates Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction-Induced Renal Fibrosis in Mice Through Modulating TGF-\u03b2 Signaling","volume":"103","author":"Chung","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lab. Investig. J. Tech. Methods Pathol."},{"key":"ref_265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2022.5214","article-title":"Exosome-encapsulated miR-26a attenuates aldosterone-induced tubulointerstitial fibrosis by inhibiting the CTGF\/SMAD3 signaling pathway","volume":"51","author":"Zheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_266","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-018-2904-0","article-title":"Receptor-independent modulation of TGF-\u03b2-induced pro-fibrotic pathways by relaxin-2 in human primary tubular epithelial cells","volume":"374","author":"Grampp","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_267","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.2174\/1566524021666210309113650","article-title":"Human Recombinant Relaxin (Serelaxin) as Anti-fibrotic Agent: Pharmacology, Limitations and Actual Perspectives","volume":"22","author":"Sassoli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_268","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R559","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00528.2012","article-title":"The emerging role of relaxin as a novel therapeutic pathway in the treatment of chronic kidney disease","volume":"305","author":"Sasser","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_269","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ding, C., Wang, B., Lai, X.F., Guo, Y., Tesch, G., Ding, X., Zheng, J., Tian, P., Ricardo, S., and Shen, H.H. (2023). Cellular delivery of relaxin-2 mRNA as a potential treatment for kidney fibrosis. Mater. Today Bio, 21.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2023.100716"},{"key":"ref_270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1159\/000505188","article-title":"Twist1: A Double-Edged Sword in Kidney Diseases","volume":"6","author":"Ren","year":"2020","journal-title":"Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_271","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.13465","article-title":"Emerging role of Twist1 in fibrotic diseases","volume":"22","author":"Ning","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_272","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.82192","article-title":"Renalase Prevents Renal Fibrosis by Inhibiting Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Down-Regulating GSK-3\u03b2\/Snail Signaling","volume":"20","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_273","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3902","article-title":"Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition induces cell cycle arrest and parenchymal damage in renal fibrosis","volume":"21","author":"Lovisa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_274","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3901","article-title":"Snail1-induced partial epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition drives renal fibrosis in mice and can be targeted to reverse established disease","volume":"21","author":"Grande","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-020-03322-y","article-title":"Snai1-induced partial epithelial-mesenchymal transition orchestrates p53-p21-mediated G2\/M arrest in the progression of renal fibrosis via NF-\u03baB-mediated inflammation","volume":"12","author":"Qi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_276","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liao, C., Chen, G., Yang, Q., Liu, Y., and Zhou, T. (2022). Potential Therapeutic Effect and Mechanisms of Mesenchymal Stem Cells-Extracellular Vesicles in Renal Fibrosis. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2022.824752"},{"key":"ref_277","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2018.01.030","article-title":"Mesenchymal stromal cell therapy for liver diseases","volume":"68","author":"Alfaifi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_278","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.1177\/0963689718787501","article-title":"Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy of Pulmonary Fibrosis: Improvement with Target Combination","volume":"27","author":"Chuang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Transplant."},{"key":"ref_279","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kulus, M., Sibiak, R., Stefa\u0144ska, K., Zdun, M., Wieczorkiewicz, M., Piotrowska-Kempisty, H., Ja\u015bkowski, J.M., Bukowska, D., Ratajczak, K., and Zabel, M. (2021). Mesenchymal Stem\/Stromal Cells Derived from Human and Animal Perinatal Tissues-Origins, Characteristics, Signaling Pathways, and Clinical Trials. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10123278"},{"key":"ref_280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/1478-811X-9-12","article-title":"Different populations and sources of human mesenchymal stem cells (MSC): A comparison of adult and neonatal tissue-derived MSC","volume":"9","author":"Hass","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Commun. Signal."},{"key":"ref_281","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2204","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.02932","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cells reside in virtually all post-natal organs and tissues","volume":"119","author":"Chagastelles","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_282","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1610","DOI":"10.1634\/stemcells.2006-0504","article-title":"Mesenchymal progenitors able to differentiate into osteogenic, chondrogenic, and\/or adipogenic cells in vitro are present in most primary fibroblast-like cell populations","volume":"25","author":"Sudo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_283","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F25","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00311.2016","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cells protect against obstruction-induced renal fibrosis by decreasing STAT3 activation and STAT3-dependent MMP-9 production","volume":"312","author":"Matsui","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol."},{"key":"ref_284","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8387350","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/8387350","article-title":"Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Renal Fibrosis: The Flame of Cytotherapy","volume":"2019","author":"Zhuang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stem Cells Int."},{"key":"ref_285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4421","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-31437-7","article-title":"Rapid and effective preparation of clonal bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem\/stromal cell sheets to reduce renal fibrosis","volume":"13","author":"Kameishi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_286","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1177\/1479164114531300","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cells ameliorate diabetic glomerular fibrosis in vivo and in vitro by inhibiting TGF-\u03b2 signalling via secretion of bone morphogenetic protein 7","volume":"11","author":"Lv","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diab. Vasc. Dis. Res."},{"key":"ref_287","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671566","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.671566","article-title":"The Multi-Therapeutic Role of MSCs in Diabetic Nephropathy","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_288","first-page":"2629","article-title":"Early intervention with mesenchymal stem cells prevents nephropathy in diabetic rats by ameliorating the inflammatory microenvironment","volume":"41","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_289","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, J., Lin, Y., Chen, X., Liu, Y., and Zhou, T. (2022). Mesenchymal stem cells: A new therapeutic tool for chronic kidney disease. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2022.910592"},{"key":"ref_290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-021-02548-7","article-title":"Serum-free medium and hypoxic preconditioning synergistically enhance the therapeutic effects of mesenchymal stem cells on experimental renal fibrosis","volume":"12","author":"Ishiuchi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_291","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1177\/0963689719837897","article-title":"The Pros and Cons of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Based Therapies","volume":"28","author":"Kot","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Transplant."},{"key":"ref_292","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euros.2020.06.004","article-title":"Protective Effect of Wharton\u2019s Jelly-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Renal Fibrosis in Rats with Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction","volume":"20","author":"Kheradmand","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Urol. Open Sci."},{"key":"ref_293","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152041","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acthis.2023.152041","article-title":"Advantages of mesenchymal stem cell over the other stem cells","volume":"125","author":"Gopalarethinam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Histochem"},{"key":"ref_294","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-023-03432-2","article-title":"hUC-MSC transplantation therapy effects on lupus-prone MRL\/lpr mice at early disease stages","volume":"14","author":"Guo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_295","first-page":"119","article-title":"Human Wharton\u2019s jelly mesenchymal stem cells: Properties, isolation and clinical applications","volume":"33","author":"Jankowski","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Biol. Regul. Homeost. Agents"},{"key":"ref_296","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5111782","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/5111782","article-title":"Synergic Renoprotective Effects of Combined ASC Therapy with RAAS Blockade in Experimental Advanced CKD","volume":"2022","author":"Maires","year":"2022","journal-title":"Stem Cells Int."},{"key":"ref_297","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F721","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00141.2017","article-title":"Src family kinases in chronic kidney disease","volume":"313","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol."},{"key":"ref_298","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-47189-7_4","article-title":"SRC signaling in cancer and tumor microenvironment","volume":"1270","author":"Caner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_299","first-page":"87","article-title":"Therapeutic targeting of SRC kinase in myofibroblast differentiation and pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"351","author":"Hu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biol. Regul. Homeost. Agents"},{"key":"ref_300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2016.00387","article-title":"Essential Role of Lyn in Fibrosis","volume":"7","author":"Pham","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_301","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2021.01.001","article-title":"Tyrosine kinases in the pathogenesis of tissue fibrosis in systemic sclerosis and potential therapeutic role of their inhibition","volume":"231","author":"Mendoza","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_302","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, N., Lin, G., Zhang, H., Sun, J., Gui, M., Liu, Y., Li, W., Liu, J., and Tang, J. (2022). Src Family Kinases: A Potential Therapeutic Target for Acute Kidney Injury. Biomolecules, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12070984"},{"key":"ref_303","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L1376","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00219.2015","article-title":"Deletion of Src family kinase Lyn aggravates endotoxin-induced lung inflammation","volume":"309","author":"Gao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_304","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.2217\/ijr.14.44","article-title":"Role of the Lyn Tyrosine Kinase in the Development of Autoimmune Disease","volume":"9","author":"Tsantikos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2125","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20170134","article-title":"Nintedanib, a triple tyrosine kinase inhibitor, attenuates renal fibrosis in chronic kidney disease","volume":"131","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"ref_306","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1159\/000509670","article-title":"Synergistic Inhibition of Renal Fibrosis by Nintedanib and Gefitinib in a Murine Model of Obstructive Nephropathy","volume":"7","author":"Feng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_307","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-021-04248-9","article-title":"The tyrosine-kinase inhibitor Nintedanib ameliorates autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease","volume":"12","author":"Jamadar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_308","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-022-00810-3","article-title":"Pan-Src kinase inhibitor treatment attenuates diabetic kidney injury via inhibition of Fyn kinase-mediated endoplasmic reticulum stress","volume":"54","author":"Dorotea","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_309","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534872","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/534872","article-title":"High glucose increases metallothionein expression in renal proximal tubular epithelial cells","volume":"2011","author":"Ogawa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exp. Diabetes Res."},{"key":"ref_310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, Y.J., Wu, Y.J., Chen, L.J., Ko, B.S., Chang, T.C., Wu, Y.J., Liang, S.M., Jan, Y.J., and Liou, J.Y. (2021). Reduced Expression of Metallothionein-I\/II in Renal Proximal Tubules Is Associated with Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease. Toxins, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins13080568"},{"key":"ref_311","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2015.293","article-title":"Src inhibition blocks renal interstitial fibroblast activation and ameliorates renal fibrosis","volume":"89","author":"Yan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_312","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4297","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-40086-3","article-title":"HCK induces macrophage activation to promote renal inflammation and fibrosis via suppression of autophagy","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_313","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023660","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.1023660","article-title":"Renal adverse reactions of tyrosine kinase inhibitors in the treatment of tumours: A Bayesian network meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Xiong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_314","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1007\/s13730-020-00474-w","article-title":"Nintedanib-induced glomerular microangiopathy: A case report","volume":"9","author":"Hasegawa","year":"2020","journal-title":"CEN Case Rep."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/13\/7\/1881\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:18:02Z","timestamp":1760105882000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/13\/7\/1881"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,25]]},"references-count":314,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm13071881"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm13071881","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,25]]}}}