{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T15:16:38Z","timestamp":1789398998099,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,29]],"date-time":"2024-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711670400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Medical University of Bialystok and Bialystok University of Technology","award":["UDA-RPPD.01.02.01-20-0203\/20-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UDA-RPPD.01.02.01-20-0203\/20-00"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Neuromuscular blocking agents are a crucial pharmacological element of general anesthesia. Decades of observations and scientific studies have resulted in the identification of many risks associated with the uncontrolled use of neuromuscular blocking agents during general anesthesia or an incomplete reversal of neuromuscular blockade in the postoperative period. Residual relaxation and acute postoperative respiratory depression are the most serious consequences. Cyclic recommendations have been developed by anesthesiology societies from many European countries as well as from the United States and New Zealand. The newest recommendations from the American Society of Anesthesiologists and the European Society of Anesthesiology were published in 2023. These publications contain very detailed recommendations for monitoring the dosage of skeletal muscle relaxants in the different stages of anesthesia\u2014induction, maintenance and recovery, and the postoperative period. Additionally, there are recommendations for various special situations (for example, rapid sequence induction) and patient populations (for example, those with organ failure, obesity, etc.). The guidelines also refer to pharmacological drugs for reversing the neuromuscular transmission blockade. Despite the development of several editions of recommendations for monitoring neuromuscular blockade, observational and survey data indicate that their practical implementation is very limited. The aim of this review was to present the professional, technical, and technological factors that limit the implementation of these recommendations in order to improve the implementation of the guidelines and increase the quality of anesthesiological procedures and perioperative safety.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13071976","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,4]],"date-time":"2024-04-04T11:11:09Z","timestamp":1712229069000},"page":"1976","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Practice Guidelines for Monitoring Neuromuscular Blockade\u2014Elements to Change to Increase the Quality of Anesthesiological Procedures and How to Improve the Acceleromyographic Method"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2971-2314","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Urszula","family":"Kosciuczuk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Medical University of Bialystok, Kilinskiego Street 1, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2811-0274","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Dardzinska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, Bialystok University of Technology, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5919-5346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Kasperczuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Bialystok University of Technology, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Dzienis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Bialystok University of Technology, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3685-6591","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam","family":"Tomaszuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Bialystok University of Technology, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Tarnowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Medical University of Bialystok, Kilinskiego Street 1, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ewa","family":"Rynkiewicz-Szczepanska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Medical University of Bialystok, Kilinskiego Street 1, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Kossakowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Medical University of Bialystok, Kilinskiego Street 1, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Pryzmont","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Medical University of Bialystok, Kilinskiego Street 1, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000004379","article-title":"2023 American Society of Anesthesiologists Practice Guidelines for Monitoring and Antagonism of Neuromuscular Blockade: A report by American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Neuromuscular Blockade","volume":"138","author":"Thilen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1097\/EJA.0000000000001769","article-title":"Peri-operative management of neuromuscular blockade. 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