{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T22:03:04Z","timestamp":1791928984119,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,29]],"date-time":"2024-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711670400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"city hall of Szczecin","award":["CRU 17\/0004593"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CRU 17\/0004593"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Determination of the number of pupils at risk of developing pre-myopia and selected ophthalmic parameters in a group of 1155 children aged 8. Material: Ophthalmic examinations were performed in Polish 8-year-old, \/1518 individuals\/; 1155 of whom presented complete data for analysis. There was a total of 554 (47.9%) girls and 602 (52.1%) boys. Examination of the anterior and posterior segment of the eye, evaluation of accommodation, convergence, heterophoria, alignment of the eyeball, muscular balance with ocular mobility in 9 directions of gaze, and spatial vision were tested. Refraction was obtained under cycloplegia. Refractions (spherical equivalent, SE). were categorized as pre-myopia (\u22120.50 D\u2013+0.75 D), myopia (\u2264\u22120.5 D), emmetropia (&gt;\u22120.5 D to \u2264+0.5 D), mildly hyperopia (&gt;+0.5 D to \u2264+2.0 D) and hyperopia (&gt;+2.0 D). Data analysis was performed using Statistica 13.5 software: chi-squared, Pearson\u2019s, t-Student, and U Mann\u2013Whitney tests. p-values of &lt;0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: Pre-myopia was diagnosed in as many as 704 subjects (60.9%) with a similar frequency among both girls\u2014328 (46.6%)\u2014and boys with 376 (53.4%). Conclusions: Current data indicates that the growing group of myopic individuals in many industrialized countries is the sixth most common cause of blindness. Further research is crucial to understand the factors underlying accommodative and binocular mechanisms for myopia development and progression and to make recommendations for targeted interventions to slow the progression of myopia in a group of early school children.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13071977","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,4]],"date-time":"2024-04-04T11:11:09Z","timestamp":1712229069000},"page":"1977","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Relationship between Selected Parameters and the Occurrence of Premyopia in a Group of 1155 Children Aged 8 in Northwestern Poland"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9221-8909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monika","family":"Modrzejewska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Second Chair and Department of Ophthalmology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin in Poland, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7988-347X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Durajczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Second Chair and Department of Ophthalmology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin in Poland, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2048","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-14117","article-title":"Vitamin D May Reduce the Prevalence of Myopia in Korean Adolescents","volume":"55","author":"Mutti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Investig. 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