{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T19:31:53Z","timestamp":1772825513027,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,29]],"date-time":"2024-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711670400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Trade Industry &amp; Energy (MOTIE, Korea)","award":["20001655"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20001655"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Trade Industry &amp; Energy (MOTIE, Korea)","award":["K2405691"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K2405691"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science &amp; ICT (MSIT, Korea)","award":["20001655"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20001655"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science &amp; ICT (MSIT, Korea)","award":["K2405691"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K2405691"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Health &amp; Welfare (MOHW, Korea)","award":["20001655"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20001655"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Health &amp; Welfare (MOHW, Korea)","award":["K2405691"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K2405691"]}]},{"name":"Korea University","award":["20001655"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20001655"]}]},{"name":"Korea University","award":["K2405691"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K2405691"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives: Augmented reality (AR) navigation systems are emerging to simplify and enhance the precision of medical procedures. Lumbosacral transforaminal epidural injection is a commonly performed procedure for the treatment and diagnosis of radiculopathy. Accurate needle placement while avoiding critical structures remains a challenge. For this purpose, we conducted a randomized controlled trial for our augmented reality navigation system. Methods: This randomized controlled study involved 28 patients, split between a traditional C-arm guided group (control) and an AR navigation guided group (AR-NAVI), to compare procedure efficiency and radiation exposure. The AR-NAVI group used a real-time tracking system displaying spinal structure and needle position on an AR head-mounted display. The procedural time and C-arm usage (radiation exposure) were measured. Results: All patients underwent successful procedures without complications. The AR-NAVI group demonstrated significantly reduced times and C-arm usage for needle entry to the target point (58.57 \u00b1 33.31 vs. 124.91 \u00b1 41.14, p &lt; 0.001 and 3.79 \u00b1 1.97 vs. 8.86 \u00b1 3.94, p &lt; 0.001). Conclusions: The use of the AR navigation system significantly improved procedure efficiency and safety by reducing time and radiation exposure, suggesting a promising direction for future enhancements and validation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13071992","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,29]],"date-time":"2024-03-29T06:33:16Z","timestamp":1711693996000},"page":"1992","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Clinical Application of an Augmented Reality Navigation System for Transforaminal Epidural Injection: A Randomized Controlled Trial"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3491-1430","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yookyung","family":"Jang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4482-3650","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sunghwan","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Healthcare Robotics, Artificial Intelligence and Robotics Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sunhee","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lee Gyeong","family":"Je","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Taesan","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Subin","family":"Joo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Assistant Robot, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, Daegu 42994, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joonho","family":"Seo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Assistant Robot, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, Daegu 42994, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7340-897X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deukhee","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Healthcare Robotics, Artificial Intelligence and Robotics Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1625-8650","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jae Chul","family":"Koh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1136\/rapm-2021-103242","article-title":"Transforaminal lumbar puncture for spinal anesthesia or novel drug administration: A technique combining C-arm fluoroscopy and ultrasound","volume":"47","author":"Berde","year":"2022","journal-title":"Reg. 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