{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:08:01Z","timestamp":1792789681782,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,30]],"date-time":"2024-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711756800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"\u201cRicerca Corrente\u201d funding scheme of the Ministry of Health, Italy"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic and irreversible fibrotic disease whose natural history is characterised by a progressive worsening of the pulmonary function, exertional dyspnoea, exercise intolerance, reduced physical activity, and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) impairment. Pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) is a comprehensive, multi-disciplinary programme that uses a combination of strength training, teaching, counselling, and behaviour modification techniques to reduce symptoms and optimise functional capacity in patients with chronic lung disease. Based on the well-documented effectiveness of PR in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), over the years supportive evidence of its benefits for other respiratory diseases has been emerging. Although the latest rehabilitation guidelines recognised PR\u2019s efficacy for interstitial lung disease (ILD) and IPF in particular, this comprehensive approach remains underused and under-resourced. In this review, we will discuss the advantages and beneficial effects of PR on IPF, analysing its impact on exercise capacity, disease-related symptoms, cardiovascular outcomes, body composition, and HRQOL.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13072026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,31]],"date-time":"2024-03-31T13:32:56Z","timestamp":1711891976000},"page":"2026","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["The Beneficial Impact of Pulmonary Rehabilitation in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: A Review of the Current Literature"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3336-7290","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano Sanduzzi","family":"Zamparelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pneumology and Respiratory Physiopathology, A. Cardarelli Hospital, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-5501-3059","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmen","family":"Lombardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Pulmonary Rehabilitation Unit of Telese Terme Institute, 82037 Telese Terme, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5888-8781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudio","family":"Candia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples \u201cFederico II\u201d, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paola Rebecca","family":"Iovine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples \u201cFederico II\u201d, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gaetano","family":"Rea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Monaldi Hospital, Azienda Ospedaliera dei Colli, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9389-7915","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michele","family":"Vitacca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Pulmonary Rehabilitation Unit of Lumezzane Institute, 25065 Lumezzane, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9398-0428","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pasquale","family":"Ambrosino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Scientific Directorate of Telese Terme Institute, 82037 Telese Terme, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marialuisa","family":"Bocchino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples \u201cFederico II\u201d, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6751-9921","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mauro","family":"Maniscalco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Pulmonary Rehabilitation Unit of Telese Terme Institute, 82037 Telese Terme, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples \u201cFederico II\u201d, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1080\/17476348.2019.1627204","article-title":"A comprehensive and practical approach to the management of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"13","author":"Colman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/s40248-019-0197-0","article-title":"Clinical course and management of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"14","author":"Quinn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Multidiscip. Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1949","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60052-4","article-title":"Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"378","author":"King","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104025","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lpm.2020.104025","article-title":"Evolution and treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"49","author":"Torrisi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Presse Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2083","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1402582","article-title":"A Phase 3 Trial of Pirfenidone in Patients with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis","volume":"370","author":"King","year":"2014","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2071","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1402584","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of Nintedanib in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis","volume":"370","author":"Richeldi","year":"2014","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Millan-Billi, P., Serra, C., Alonso Leon, A., and Castillo, D. (2018). Comorbidities, Complications and Non-Pharmacologic Treatment in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Med. Sci., 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/medsci6030059"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e7","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202306-1066ST","article-title":"Pulmonary Rehabilitation for Adults with Chronic Respiratory Disease: An Official American Thoracic Society Clinical Practice Guideline","volume":"208","author":"Rochester","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E12","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.202102-146ST","article-title":"Defining Modern Pulmonary Rehabilitation. An Official American Thoracic Society Workshop Report","volume":"18","author":"Holland","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Am. Thorac. Soc."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"CD006322","article-title":"Physical training for interstitial lung disease","volume":"4","author":"Holland","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"PA4793","article-title":"Associations between comorbidities, their treatment and survival in patients with interstitial lung diseases\u2014A claims data analysis","volume":"52","author":"Schwarzkopf","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.159.3.9807034","article-title":"Aerobic and strength training in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"159","author":"Bernard","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.163.4.2006125","article-title":"Effect of pulmonary rehabilitation on quadriceps fatiguability during exercise","volume":"163","author":"Mador","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"CD006322","article-title":"Pulmonary rehabilitation for interstitial lung disease","volume":"2","author":"Dowman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1390","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200508-1211ST","article-title":"American Thoracic Society\/European Respiratory Society Statement on Pulmonary Rehabilitation","volume":"173","author":"Nici","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1177\/02692155221095481","article-title":"Clinical evidence for improving exercise tolerance and quality of life with pulmonary rehabilitation in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"36","author":"Lei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2023.107433","article-title":"Influence of pulmonary rehabilitation on symptoms of anxiety and depression in interstitial lung disease: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials","volume":"219","author":"Luu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1097\/HCR.0000000000000273","article-title":"Impact of Pulmonary Rehabilitation on Exercise Tolerance and Quality of Life in Patients With Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis","volume":"38","author":"Silva","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cardiopulm. Rehabil. Prev."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, X., Li, X., Wang, L., Liu, R., Xie, Y., Li, S., and Li, J. (2019). Pulmonary Rehabilitation for Exercise Tolerance and Quality of Life in IPF Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Biomed. Res. Int., 2019.","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/8498603"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, X., Yu, R., Wang, P., Wang, A., and Huang, H. (2021). Effects of Exercise Training on Cardiopulmonary Function and Quality of Life in Elderly Patients with Pulmonary Fibrosis: A Meta-Analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18147643"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, S., Feng, Z., Liu, W., and Li, J. (2023). The role of pulmonary rehabilitation in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: An overview of systematic reviews. PLoS ONE, 18.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0295367"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.02674","article-title":"Endurance time is the most responsive exercise measurement in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"59","author":"Arizono","year":"2014","journal-title":"Respir. Care"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choi, H.E., Kim, T.H., Jang, J.H., Jang, H.-J., Yi, J., Jung, S.Y., Kim, D.-W., and Lee, J.H. (2023). The Efficacy of Pulmonary Rehabilitation in Patients with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Life, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/life13020403"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cerd\u00e1n-De-Las-Heras, J., Balbino, F., L\u00f8kke, A., Catal\u00e1n-Matamoros, D., Hilberg, O., and Bendstrup, E. (2021). Tele-Rehabilitation Program in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis-A Single-Center Randomized Trial. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph181910016"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1872","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.03180","article-title":"Physical activity and quality of life improvements of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis completing a pulmonary rehabilitation program","volume":"59","author":"Gaunaurd","year":"2014","journal-title":"Respir. Care"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iwanami, Y., Ebihara, K., Nakao, K., Sato, N., Miyagi, M., Nakamura, Y., Sakamoto, S., Kishi, K., Homma, S., and Ebihara, S. (2022). Benefits of Pulmonary Rehabilitation in Patients with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Receiving Antifibrotic Drug Treatment. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11185336"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1007\/s00408-014-9566-9","article-title":"Exercise limitation in IPF patients: A randomized trial of pulmonary rehabilitation","volume":"192","author":"Jackson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lung"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jarosch, I., Schneeberger, T., Gloeckl, R., Kreuter, M., Frankenberger, M., Neurohr, C., Prasse, A., Freise, J., Behr, J., and Hitzl, W. (2020). Short-Term Effects of Comprehensive Pulmonary Rehabilitation and its Maintenance in Patients with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9051567"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax-2022-219792","article-title":"Long-term effect of pulmonary rehabilitation in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: A randomised controlled trial","volume":"78","author":"Kataoka","year":"2023","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7289","DOI":"10.21037\/apm-21-71","article-title":"New pulmonary rehabilitation exercise for pulmonary fibrosis to improve the pulmonary function and quality of life of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: A randomized control trial","volume":"10","author":"Shen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Palliat. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1159\/000367899","article-title":"Exercise training-based pulmonary rehabilitation program is clinically beneficial for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"88","author":"Vainshelboim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Respiration"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1007\/s00408-015-9703-0","article-title":"Long-term effects of a 12-week exercise training program on clinical outcomes in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"193","author":"Vainshelboim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lung"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2016.01.018","article-title":"Short-Term Improvement in Physical Activity and Body Composition After Supervised Exercise Training Program in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis","volume":"97","author":"Vainshelboim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.23736\/S1973-9087.16.04319-7","article-title":"Supervised exercise training improves exercise cardiovascular function in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"53","author":"Vainshelboim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Phys. Rehabilitation Med."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1097\/HCR.0000000000000418","article-title":"Home-Based Pulmonary Rehabilitation for Patients With Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: A PILOT STUDY","volume":"39","author":"Yuen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cardiopulm. Rehabil. Prev."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.13972","article-title":"Pulmonary Daoyin as a traditional Chinese medicine rehabilitation programme for patients with IPF: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"26","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2379","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01298.2006","article-title":"Hypoxia-induced reactive oxygen species formation in skeletal muscle","volume":"102","author":"Clanton","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01104.2010","article-title":"Effects of inhaled nitric oxide at rest and during exercise in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"110","author":"Blanco","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1298\/ptr.E10218","article-title":"Exertional Desaturation Is More Severe in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Than in Other Interstitial Lung Diseases","volume":"26","author":"Otake","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phys. Ther. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/143.2.219","article-title":"Mechanisms of gas-exchange impairment in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"143","author":"Roca","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am. Rev. Respir. Dis."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1566","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.109.6.1566","article-title":"Pathophysiology of activity limitation in patients with interstitial lung disease","volume":"109","author":"Hansen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Kenny, W.L., Wilmore, J.H., and Costil, D.L. (2012). Physiology of Sport and Exercise, Human Kinetics Publishers. Available online: https:\/\/books.google.nl\/books?hl=it&lr=&id=XoZGEAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=Kenney+WL,+Wilmore+JH,+Costill+DL.+Physiology+of+sport+and+exercise.+5th+Edn+Champaign,+Human+Kinetics,+2012&ots=uQ2kjdCb_I&sig=BpA-WxhxzoIuXv3v1NASNAiRmVQ#v=onepage&q&f=false."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2012.11.008","article-title":"Exertional acidotic responses in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: The mechanisms of exertional dyspnea","volume":"185","author":"Miki","year":"2013","journal-title":"Respir. Physiol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1097\/00063198-199809000-00006","article-title":"Exercise and interstitial lung disease","volume":"4","author":"Markovitz","year":"1998","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pulm. Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1843.2008.01355.x","article-title":"Relationship between field walking tests and incremental cycle ergometry in COPD","volume":"13","author":"Luxton","year":"2008","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gupta, R., Ruppel, G.L., and Espiritu, J.R.D. (2020). Exercise-Induced Oxygen Desaturation during the 6-Minute Walk Test. Med. Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/medsci8010008"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/s40248-018-0158-z","article-title":"Utility of the six-minute walk test in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"13","author":"Lancaster","year":"2018","journal-title":"Multidiscip. Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2008.03.017","article-title":"Peak aerobic capacity predicts prognosis in patients with coronary heart disease","volume":"156","author":"Keteyian","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1843.2007.01205.x","article-title":"Effects of pulmonary rehabilitation in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"13","author":"Nishiyama","year":"2008","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2466-10-32","article-title":"MRC chronic Dyspnea Scale: Relationships with cardiopulmonary exercise testing and 6-minute walk test in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis patients: A prospective study","volume":"10","author":"Manali","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Pulm. Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.158.5.9804004","article-title":"Measurement of symptoms, lung hyperinflation, and endurance during exercise in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"158","author":"Lam","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2533","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.50.5316","article-title":"Improvements in quadriceps force and work efficiency are related to improvements in endurance capacity following pulmonary rehabilitation in COPD patients","volume":"50","author":"Arizono","year":"2011","journal-title":"Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1897","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.161.6.9905045","article-title":"The effects of oxitropium bromide on exercise performance in patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A comparison of three different exercise tests","volume":"161","author":"Oga","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s12963-016-0091-3","article-title":"Summarizing health-related quality of life (HRQOL): Development and testing of a one-factor model","volume":"14","author":"Yin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Popul. Health Metr."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.01.00044901","article-title":"Health-related quality of life in COPD: Why both disease-specific and generic measures should be used","volume":"18","author":"Persson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2009.09.006","article-title":"The SF-36 and SGRQ: Validity and first look at minimum important differences in IPF","volume":"104","author":"Swigris","year":"2010","journal-title":"Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.46.6218","article-title":"Health-related quality of life in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis--cross-sectional and longitudinal study","volume":"46","author":"Tomioka","year":"2007","journal-title":"Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2004.035220","article-title":"Health-related quality of life in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: A systematic review","volume":"60","author":"Swigris","year":"2005","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2010.02.008","article-title":"Prevalence and impact of coronary artery disease in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"104","author":"Nathan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2013.11.016","article-title":"Pulmonary rehabilitation improves long-term outcomes in interstitial lung disease: A prospective cohort study","volume":"108","author":"Ryerson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.2009-040GL","article-title":"An Official ATS\/ERS\/JRS\/ALAT Statement: Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: Evidence-based Guidelines for Diagnosis and Management","volume":"183","author":"Raghu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2007.088070","article-title":"Short term improvement in exercise capacity and symptoms following exercise training in interstitial lung disease","volume":"63","author":"Holland","year":"2008","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-020-1298-1","article-title":"Health-related quality of life and symptoms in patients with IPF treated with nintedanib: Analyses of patient-reported outcomes from the INPULSIS\u00ae trials","volume":"21","author":"Kreuter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2017.05.017","article-title":"Current approaches to the management of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"129","author":"Raghu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"11","article-title":"A quality assessment of systematic reviews on telerehabilitation: What does the evidence tell us?","volume":"51","author":"Rogante","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Ist. Super. Sanita"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1097\/HCR.0b013e3182724091","article-title":"The use of a home exercise program based on a computer system in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"33","author":"Albores","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Cardiopulm. Rehabil. Prev."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12287","article-title":"A meta-analysis of active video games on health outcomes among children and adolescents","volume":"16","author":"Gao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201309-1634ST","article-title":"An Official American Thoracic Society\/European Respiratory Society Statement: Key Concepts and Advances in Pulmonary Rehabilitation","volume":"188","author":"Spruit","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2333","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S117461","article-title":"An evaluation of activity tolerance, patient-reported outcomes and satisfaction with the effectiveness of pulmonary daoyin on patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Chronic Obstr. Pulm. Dis."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e318213fefb","article-title":"American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory, musculoskeletal, and neuromotor fitness in apparently healthy adults: Guidance for prescribing exercise","volume":"43","author":"Garber","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/13\/7\/2026\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:21:32Z","timestamp":1760106092000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/13\/7\/2026"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,30]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm13072026"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm13072026","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,30]]}}}