{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T03:48:50Z","timestamp":1784346530294,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,3]],"date-time":"2024-04-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712102400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Among the risk factors for nonunion are unchangeable patient factors such as the type of injury and comorbidities, and factors that can be influenced by the surgeon such as fracture treatment and the postoperative course. While there are numerous studies analyzing unchangeable factors, there is poor evidence for factors that can be affected by the physician. This raises the need to fill the existing knowledge gaps and lay the foundations for future prevention and in-depth treatment strategies. Therefore, the goal of this study was to illuminate knowledge about nonunion in general and uncover the possible reasons for their development; Methods: This was a retrospective analysis of 327 patients from 2015 to 2020 from a level I trauma center in Germany. Information about patient characteristics, comorbidities, alcohol and nicotine abuse, fracture classification, type of osteosynthesis, etc., was collected. Matched pair analysis was performed, and statistical testing performed specifically for atrophic long-bone nonunion; Results: The type of osteosynthesis significantly affected the development of nonunion, with plate osteosynthesis being a predictor for nonunion. The use of wire cerclage did not affect the development of nonunion, nor did the use of NSAIDs, smoking, alcohol, osteoporosis and BMI; Conclusion: Knowledge about predictors for nonunion and strategies to avoid them can benefit the medical care of patients, possibly preventing the development of nonunion.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13072071","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,3]],"date-time":"2024-04-03T03:37:21Z","timestamp":1712115441000},"page":"2071","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Preventing Atrophic Long-Bone Nonunion: Retrospective Analysis at a Level I Trauma Center"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9439-7632","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"Ehrnthaller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Musculoskeletal University Center Munich (MUM), University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Klevin","family":"Hoxhaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Musculoskeletal University Center Munich (MUM), University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7740-4076","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kirsi","family":"Manz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut f\u00fcr Medizinische Informationsverarbeitung, Biometrie und Epidemiologie (IBE), Medizinische Fakult\u00e4t, LMU M\u00fcnchen, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 M\u00fcnchen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8379-5088","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yunjie","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Musculoskeletal University Center Munich (MUM), University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julian","family":"F\u00fcrmetz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Musculoskeletal University Center Munich (MUM), University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Trauma Surgery, Trauma Center Murnau, Professor-K\u00fcntscher-Stra\u00dfe 8, 82418 Murnau am Staffelsee, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wolfgang","family":"B\u00f6cker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Musculoskeletal University Center Munich (MUM), University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Linhart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Musculoskeletal University Center Munich (MUM), University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Biberthaler, P., and van Griensven, M. 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