{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:57:52Z","timestamp":1760144272938,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,6]],"date-time":"2024-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712361600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006393","name":"Vicerrectorado de Investigaci\u00f3n y Transferencia of University of Granada, \u201cPrograma de Estimulaci\u00f3n a la Investigaci\u00f3n\u201d","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PP2021.EI.01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PP2021.EI.01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006393","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: In pregnant women, COVID-19 can alter the metabolic environment, cell metabolism, and oxygen supply of trophoblastic cells and, therefore, have a negative influence on essential mechanisms of fetal development. The purpose of this study was to investigate, for the first time, the effects of COVID-19 infection during pregnancy with regard to the bone turnover and endocrine function of several metabolic biomarkers in colostrum and placenta. Methods: One hundred and twenty-four pregnant mothers were recruited from three hospitals between June 2020 and August 2021 and assigned to two groups: Control group and COVID-19 group. Metabolism biomarkers were addressed in placental tissue and colostrum. Results: Lipocalin-2 and resistin levels were higher in the placenta, revealing an underlying pro-inflammatory status in the gestation period for mothers suffering from COVID-19; a decrease in GLP-1 and leptin was also observed in this group. As for adiponectin, resistin, and insulin, their concentrations showed an increase; a decrease in GLP-1, leptin, and PYY was also reported in the colostrum of mothers suffering from COVID-19 compared with the control group. Conclusions: As for bone turnover, placental samples from mothers with COVID-19 showed lower levels of OPG, while DKK-1 increased compared with the control group. Colostrum samples showed higher levels of OPG, SOST, and PTH in the COVID-19 group, a fact that could have noteworthy implications for energy metabolism, fetal skeletal development, and postnatal bone density and mineralization. Further research is needed to explain the pathogenic mechanism of COVID-19 that may affect pregnancy, so as to assess the short-term and long-term outcomes in infants\u2019 health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13072124","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,8]],"date-time":"2024-04-08T06:04:58Z","timestamp":1712556298000},"page":"2124","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["COVID-19 and Pregnancy: A Dangerous Mix for Bone Turnover and Metabolism Biomarkers in Placenta and Colostrum"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3659-1757","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier","family":"Diaz-Castro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Campus Universitario de Cartuja, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology \u201cJos\u00e9 Mataix Verd\u00fa\u201d, University of Granada, Biomedical Research Centre, Health Sciences Technological Park, Avenida del Conocimiento s\/n, Armilla, 18071 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biosanitaria (IBS), 18012 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juan M.","family":"Toledano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Campus Universitario de Cartuja, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology \u201cJos\u00e9 Mataix Verd\u00fa\u201d, University of Granada, Biomedical Research Centre, Health Sciences Technological Park, Avenida del Conocimiento s\/n, Armilla, 18071 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Nutrition and Food Sciences Ph.D. Program, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4253-3556","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier","family":"Sanchez-Romero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital Cl\u00ednico Universitario \u2018Virgen de la Arrixaca\u2019, El Palmar, 30120 Murcia, Spain"},{"name":"Institute for Biomedical Research of Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, El Palmar, 30120 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Africa Ca\u00f1o","family":"Aguilar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, San Cecilio Universitary Hospital, 18071 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Estefan\u00eda","family":"Mart\u00edn-Alvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Neonatology, Pediatric Service, Hospital Universitario Materno-Infantil Virgen de las Nieves, 18014 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Nutrition and Food Technology \u201cJos\u00e9 Mataix Verd\u00fa\u201d, University of Granada, Biomedical Research Centre, Health Sciences Technological Park, Avenida del Conocimiento s\/n, Armilla, 18071 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biosanitaria (IBS), 18012 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Pinar-Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Campus Universitario de Cartuja, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology \u201cJos\u00e9 Mataix Verd\u00fa\u201d, University of Granada, Biomedical Research Centre, Health Sciences Technological Park, Avenida del Conocimiento s\/n, Armilla, 18071 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Nutrition and Food Sciences Ph.D. Program, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sonia","family":"Prados","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, San Cecilio Universitary Hospital, 18071 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3807-1544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Paz","family":"Carrillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, 18014 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susana","family":"Ruiz-Duran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, 18014 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0117-6388","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catalina","family":"De Paco Matallana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital Cl\u00ednico Universitario \u2018Virgen de la Arrixaca\u2019, El Palmar, 30120 Murcia, Spain"},{"name":"Institute for Biomedical Research of Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, El Palmar, 30120 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8976-6296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julio J.","family":"Ochoa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Campus Universitario de Cartuja, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology \u201cJos\u00e9 Mataix Verd\u00fa\u201d, University of Granada, Biomedical Research Centre, Health Sciences Technological Park, Avenida del Conocimiento s\/n, Armilla, 18071 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biosanitaria (IBS), 18012 Granada, 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