{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T10:32:20Z","timestamp":1784716340233,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,8]],"date-time":"2024-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712534400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran","award":["KUMS-990874"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KUMS-990874"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Scientific evidence and everyday experience show that sleep disturbances and self-regulation as a proxy of stress reactivity are linked. Particular personality traits such as neuroticism, internalizing and externalizing problems are also associated with sleep disturbances. Here, we combined self-regulation and personality traits and associated these variables with subjective sleep disturbances. Methods: A total of 846 adults (mean age: 33.7 years; 78.7% females) completed questionnaires covering sleep disturbances, self-regulation and personality traits. Results: Higher scores for sleep disturbances were associated with higher scores for externalization, internalization, and instability and with lower scores for stability (all trait variables) and with poorer self-regulation (state variable). The regression model showed that higher scores for externalization and internalization (traits), and lower scores for self-regulation (state) predicted higher scores for sleep disturbance. Next, self-regulation had both a direct effect on sleep disturbance, and an indirect effect via personality traits. Conclusions: Sleep disturbances were related to both state (i.e., self-regulation) and trait (e.g., internalization and instability) dimensions. The current data analysis leapfrogs the state\u2013trait dichotomy discussion and reconciles the state-and-trait approach in the prediction of poor sleep, though self-regulation appeared to have both direct and indirect effects on sleep disturbances.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13072143","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,8]],"date-time":"2024-04-08T06:04:58Z","timestamp":1712556298000},"page":"2143","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Associations between Sleep Disturbances, Personality Traits and Self-Regulation in a Sample of Healthy Adults"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5259-6104","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Zakiei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sleep Disorders Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6719851115, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1301-5522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dena","family":"Sadeghi-Bahmani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1720-3720","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Habibolah","family":"Khazaie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sleep Disorders Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6719851115, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zeinab","family":"Lorestani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Psychology, Islamic Azad University of Kermanshah, Kermanshah 6719851115, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Sadeghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Psychology, Islamic Azad University of Kermanshah, Kermanshah 6719851115, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dariuosh","family":"Korani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Psychology, Islamic Azad University of Kermanshah, Kermanshah 6719851115, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zeinab","family":"Sahraei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Psychology, Islamic Azad University of Kermanshah, Kermanshah 6719851115, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0198-3710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saeid","family":"Komasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sleep Disorders Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6719851115, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zeno","family":"Stanga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, Nutritional Medicine and Metabolism, University Hospital, University of Berne, 3010 Berne, Switzerland"},{"name":"Centre of Competence for Military and Disaster Medicine, Swiss Armed Forces, 3008 Berne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4704-4986","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annette B.","family":"Br\u00fchl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Affective, Stress and Sleep Disorders, Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2175-2765","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Serge","family":"Brand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sleep Disorders Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6719851115, Iran"},{"name":"Center for Affective, Stress and Sleep Disorders, Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland"},{"name":"Division of Sport Science and Psychosocial Health, Department of Sport, Exercise, and Health, Department of Medicine, University of Basel, 4052 Basel, Switzerland"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417466191, Iran"},{"name":"Substance Abuse Prevention Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6719851115, Iran"},{"name":"Center for Disaster Psychiatry and Disaster Psychology, Centre of Competence for Military and Disaster Medicine, Swiss Armed 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