{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T02:08:29Z","timestamp":1790734109953,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,8]],"date-time":"2024-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712534400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NHS England and NHS Improvement"},{"name":"the NSW Agency for Clinical Innovation, Australia"},{"name":"Providence Health Care, USA"},{"name":"egion V\u00e4stra G\u00f6taland, Sweden"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: In 1990, the United States\u2019 Institute of Medicine promoted the principles of outcomes monitoring in the alcohol and other drugs treatment field to improve the evidence synthesis and quality of research. While various national outcome measures have been developed and employed, no global consensus on standard measurement has been agreed for addiction. It is thus timely to build an international consensus. Convened by the International Consortium for Health Outcomes Measurement (ICHOM), an international, multi-disciplinary working group reviewed the existing literature and reached consensus for a globally applicable minimum set of outcome measures for people who seek treatment for addiction. Methods: To this end, 26 addiction experts from 11 countries and 5 continents, including people with lived experience (n = 5; 19%), convened over 16 months (December 2018\u2013March 2020) to develop recommendations for a minimum set of outcome measures. A structured, consensus-building, modified Delphi process was employed. Evidence-based proposals for the minimum set of measures were generated and discussed across eight videoconferences and in a subsequent structured online consultation. The resulting set was reviewed by 123 professionals and 34 people with lived experience internationally. Results: The final consensus-based recommendation includes alcohol, substance, and tobacco use disorders, as well as gambling and gaming disorders in people aged 12 years and older. Recommended outcome domains are frequency and quantity of addictive disorders, symptom burden, health-related quality of life, global functioning, psychosocial functioning, and overall physical and mental health and wellbeing. Standard case-mix (moderator) variables and measurement time points are also recommended. Conclusions: Use of consistent and meaningful outcome measurement facilitates carer\u2013patient relations, shared decision-making, service improvement, benchmarking, and evidence synthesis for the evaluation of addiction treatment services and the dissemination of best practices. The consensus set of recommended outcomes is freely available for adoption in healthcare settings globally.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13072154","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,8]],"date-time":"2024-04-08T12:01:22Z","timestamp":1712577682000},"page":"2154","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["An International, Multidisciplinary Consensus Set of Patient-Centered Outcome Measures for Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Nicola","family":"Black","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW, Sydney 2052, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophie","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Consortium for Health Outcomes Measurement, London W12 8EU, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0287-9683","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Calvert","family":"Tisdale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW, Sydney 2052, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luz Sousa","family":"Fialho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Consortium for Health Outcomes Measurement, London W12 8EU, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6364-6050","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Apinun","family":"Aramrattana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2174-3287","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sawitri","family":"Assanangkornchai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Blaszczynski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henrietta","family":"Bowden-Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University College London, London NW1 2AE, UK"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Cambridge University, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8301-0121","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wim","family":"van den Brink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Department of Psychiatry, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrian","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northwick Park Hospital, Central and North West London Trust, London HA1 3UJ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiana L.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Social Work, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda B.","family":"Cottler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, College of Medicine & 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Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ralitza","family":"Gueorguieva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan","family":"Hampton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Voices Project, Las Vegas, NV 89149, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suzie","family":"Hudson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Network of Alcohol and Other Drugs Agencies, Sydney 2751, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter J.","family":"Kelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong 2522, 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