{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T01:35:34Z","timestamp":1783128934857,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,11]],"date-time":"2024-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712793600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>One of the parameters potentially affecting the in vitro growth of preimplantation embryos is the oxygen concentration in the culture environment. An increased oxygen concentration causes the generation of ROS which in turn can cause damage to the cells and seriously disrupt the embryonic development. Previous studies have assessed oxygen concentrations in the fallopian tubes of several mammals of between 5 and 8%, while the oxygen levels in the uterus were found to be even lower; similar measurements have been confirmed in humans. In addition, studies in mammalian embryos showed that low oxygen concentrations improve embryo development. Multiple studies on the effect of the oxygen concentration on human embryos have been conducted so far with diverse methodologies and objectives. Data from these have been included in three meta-analyses. All meta-analyses indicate the potential benefit in favor of a low oxygen concentration, though data are considered to be of a low methodological quality and further studies are considered necessary. However, based on the existing evidence, it is suggested that a low oxygen concentration should be adopted in the routine of the IVF laboratory, especially in the case of blastocyst culture.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13082222","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,12]],"date-time":"2024-04-12T03:34:37Z","timestamp":1712892877000},"page":"2222","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Culture of Human Embryos at High and Low Oxygen Levels"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Ourania","family":"Konstantogianni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Reproductive Physiology-IVF, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-6564-0267","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Theodoros","family":"Panou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Reproductive Physiology-IVF, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Athanasios","family":"Zikopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Barrack Rd, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charikleia","family":"Skentou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School of Ioannina, University General Hospital, 45110 Ioannina, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sofoklis","family":"Stavros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Third Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Attikon Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Byron","family":"Asimakopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Reproductive Physiology-IVF, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1038\/229132a0","article-title":"Human Blastocysts grown in Culture","volume":"229","author":"Steptoe","year":"1971","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1017\/S0967199419000522","article-title":"Embryo culture at a reduced oxygen concentration of 5%: A mini review","volume":"27","author":"Sciorio","year":"2019","journal-title":"Zygote"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.1402060108","article-title":"The effect of oxygen on the development of preimplantation mouse embryos in vitro","volume":"206","author":"Quinn","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. 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