{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T21:05:15Z","timestamp":1790802315918,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,15]],"date-time":"2024-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713139200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Learning Health Luz Sa\u00fade Hospital da Luz","award":["LH.INV.F2019002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LH.INV.F2019002"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Acute pancreatitis (AP) is an inflammatory disease of the pancreas with incompletely known pathogenic mechanisms. This study aimed to explore the temporal changes in serum cytokines in patients with AP and to assess the association of these changes with disease severity. Methods: Fifty patients hospitalized with AP were enrolled, and their serum cytokine levels were analyzed at four different time points. A healthy control (HC) group of 30 outpatients was included. Results: AP patients showed increased levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, IL-10, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 at admission when compared with HC. IL-6, VEGF, and EGF remained elevated 1 month after hospitalization and 6 months after discharge. Conclusions the Bedside Index of Severity in Acute Pancreatitis (BISAP) and severity classification of the revised Atlanta classification system, IL-6 and VEGF, determined 48 h after hospitalization, were the two cytokines consistently elevated in the most severe patients. Increased levels of IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-alpha at admission and MCP-1 48 h after admission are also related to the length of hospital stay. Conclusions: Our study highlights the role cytokines play in the pathogenesis of AP and can be useful in the development of future drug trials for AP.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13082287","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,15]],"date-time":"2024-04-15T08:08:12Z","timestamp":1713168492000},"page":"2287","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Cytokine Dynamics in Acute Pancreatitis: The Quest for Biomarkers from Acute Disease to Disease Resolution"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0664-2576","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filipa","family":"Malheiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Department, LUZ SA\u00daDE, Hospital da Luz Lisboa, 1500-650 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"CHRC, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas, NMS, FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9933-4075","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel","family":"\u00c2ngelo-Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CHRC, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas, NMS, FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Immunology Department, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas, NMS, FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teresa","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CHRC, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas, NMS, FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Immunology Department, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas, NMS, FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0353-0421","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catarina Greg\u00f3rio","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CHRC, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas, NMS, FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Immunology Department, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas, NMS, FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis Miguel","family":"Borrego","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CHRC, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas, NMS, FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Immunology Department, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas, NMS, FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Immunoallergy Department, LUZ SA\u00daDE, Hospital da Luz Lisboa, 1500-650 Lisboa, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.09.043","article-title":"Global Incidence of Acute Pancreatitis Is Increasing Over Time: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"162","author":"Iannuzzi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1159\/000085265","article-title":"Pathophysiology of acute pancreatitis","volume":"5","author":"Bhatia","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pancreatology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1097\/MCC.0000000000000806","article-title":"Advances in acute pancreatitis","volume":"27","author":"Sinonquel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. 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