{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T01:34:31Z","timestamp":1792114471625,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,17]],"date-time":"2024-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713312000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Microbial keratitis in a post-transplant cornea should be considered a distinct entity from microbial keratitis in a non-transplant cornea. Firstly, the use of immunosuppressive treatments and sutures in corneal transplants changes the etiology of keratitis. Secondly, corneal transplant has an impact on corneal biomechanics and structure, which facilitates the spread of infection. Finally, the emergence of lamellar transplants has introduced a new form of keratitis known as interface keratitis. Given these factors, there is a clear need to update our understanding of and management strategies for microbial keratitis following corneal transplantation, especially in the era of lamellar transplants. To address this, a comprehensive review is provided, covering the incidence, risk factors, causes, and timing of microbial keratitis, as well as both clinical and surgical management approaches for its treatment in cases of penetrating and lamellar corneal transplants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13082326","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,17]],"date-time":"2024-04-17T09:15:20Z","timestamp":1713345320000},"page":"2326","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Post-Keratoplasty Microbial Keratitis in the Era of Lamellar Transplants\u2014A Comprehensive Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Joanna","family":"Przybek-Skrzypecka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Warsaw, Marsza\u0142kowska 24\/26, 00-576 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"SPKSO Ophthalmic University Hospital in Warsaw, 00-576 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0366-1448","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Samelska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Warsaw, Marsza\u0142kowska 24\/26, 00-576 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"SPKSO Ophthalmic University Hospital in Warsaw, 00-576 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8032-8959","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agata Joanna","family":"Ordon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SPKSO Ophthalmic University Hospital in Warsaw, 00-576 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Binocular Vision Pathophysiology and Strabismus, Medical University of Lodz, 90-647 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janusz","family":"Skrzypecki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical University of Warsaw, 00-576 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5289-6860","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justyna","family":"Izdebska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Warsaw, Marsza\u0142kowska 24\/26, 00-576 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"SPKSO Ophthalmic University Hospital in Warsaw, 00-576 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Ko\u0142\u0105taj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SPKSO Ophthalmic University Hospital in Warsaw, 00-576 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacek P.","family":"Szaflik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Warsaw, Marsza\u0142kowska 24\/26, 00-576 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"SPKSO Ophthalmic University Hospital in Warsaw, 00-576 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"e30118","article-title":"A Review of Contact Lens-Related Risk Factors and Complications","volume":"14","author":"Waghmare","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moon, J., Yoon, C.H., Kim, M.K., and Oh, J.Y. (2020). The Incidence and Outcomes of Recurrence of Infection after Therapeutic Penetrating Keratoplasty for Medically-Uncontrolled Infectious Keratitis. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9113696"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2015.4776","article-title":"Global Survey of Corneal Transplantation and Eye Banking","volume":"134","author":"Gain","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szkodny, D., Wr\u00f3blewska-Czajka, E., and Wyl\u0119ga\u0142a, E. (2021). Knowledge and Attitudes toward Cornea Donation among Different Social Groups in Poland. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10215031"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2015.3888","article-title":"Antibiotic Resistance Among Ocular Pathogens in the United States: Five-Year Results From the Antibiotic Resistance Monitoring in Ocular Microorganisms (ARMOR) Surveillance Study","volume":"133","author":"Asbell","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3591","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S275067","article-title":"Microbial Keratitis in Corneal Transplants: A 12-Year Analysis","volume":"14","author":"Griffin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szkodny, D., Wr\u00f3blewska-Czajka, E., Wyl\u0119ga\u0142a, A., and Wyl\u0119ga\u0142a, E. (2022). Indications and techniques of corneal transplants performed in one center in Southern Poland, in the years 2001\u20132020. PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0276084"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1097\/ICU.0000000000000269","article-title":"Infectious keratitis after keratoplasty","volume":"27","author":"Davila","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000001262","article-title":"Prevention and Management of Descemet Membrane Endothelial Keratoplasty Complications","volume":"36","author":"Quilendrino","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1360","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000003180","article-title":"Keratoplasty in the United States: Trends and Indications from 2015 to 2020","volume":"42","author":"Xiao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2019.08.001","article-title":"Infectious interface keratitis (IIK) following lamellar keratoplasty: A literature review","volume":"17","author":"Gao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ocul. Surf."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.86.3.261","article-title":"Risk factors for graft infection in India: A case-control study","volume":"86","author":"Vajpayee","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E895","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.14404","article-title":"Microbial keratitis and clinical outcomes following penetrating and endothelial keratoplasty","volume":"98","author":"Dohse","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.3928\/1542-8877-19940601-04","article-title":"Microbial Keratitis Following Penetrating Keratoplasty","volume":"25","author":"Tavakkoli","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Surg. Lasers Imaging Retin."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e5864","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000005864","article-title":"Shifting trends in microbial keratitis following penetrating keratoplasty in Taiwan","volume":"96","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2005.08.013","article-title":"Microbial keratitis: Predisposing factors and morbidity","volume":"113","author":"Keay","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1366","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000001727","article-title":"Fungal Interface Keratitis After Descemet Membrane Endothelial Keratoplasty","volume":"37","author":"Augustin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1097\/00003226-199511000-00011","article-title":"Late Microbial Keratitis After Corneal Transplantation","volume":"14","author":"Tseng","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-008-0797-4","article-title":"Persistent epithelial defects and ulcers in repeated corneal transplantation: Incidence, causative agents, predisposing factors and treatment outcomes","volume":"246","author":"Rumelt","year":"2008","journal-title":"Graefe\u2019s Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"150","article-title":"Microbial Keratitis After Penetrating Keratoplasty","volume":"178","author":"Sun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2020-316705","article-title":"Corneal graft failure: An update","volume":"105","author":"Alio","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2017.310","article-title":"Microbial keratitis in corneal grafts: Predisposing factors and outcomes","volume":"32","author":"Okonkwo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000002044","article-title":"Recurrence of Infection in Corneal Grafts After Therapeutic Penetrating Keratoplasty for Microbial Keratitis","volume":"39","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joco.2018.04.001","article-title":"Outcome of therapeutic penetrating keratoplasty in advanced infectious keratitis","volume":"30","author":"Raj","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Curr. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"698","article-title":"Effect of corneal graft diameter on therapeutic penetrating keratoplasty for fungal keratitis","volume":"5","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"233","article-title":"Clinical and Microbiological profile of post-penetrating keratoplasty infectious keratitis in failed and clear grafts","volume":"155","author":"Constantinou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"1","article-title":"Postoperative Complications in Medicare Beneficiaries Following Endothelial Keratoplasty Surgery","volume":"219","author":"Zafar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ico.0000248381.24519.0d","article-title":"Penetrating keratoplasty for corneal perforations in fungal keratitis","volume":"26","author":"Xie","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11991","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-16191-6","article-title":"Alterations in the ocular surface and tear film following keratoplasty","volume":"12","author":"Meyer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.81.10.835","article-title":"Influence of advanced recipient and donor age on the outcome of corneal transplantation. Australian Corneal Graft Registry","volume":"81","author":"Muehlberg","year":"1997","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"149","article-title":"Causes of corneal graft failure in India","volume":"46","author":"Dandona","year":"1998","journal-title":"Indian J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"189","article-title":"Microbial keratitis after penetrating keratoplasty: Impact of sutures","volume":"152","author":"Moorthy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(88)33036-8","article-title":"Microbial keratitis complicating penetrating keratoplasty","volume":"95","author":"Fong","year":"1988","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1097\/00003226-199507000-00012","article-title":"Incidence of bacterial and fungal contamination of donor corneas preserved by organ culture","volume":"14","author":"Hagenah","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"135","article-title":"A presentation of culture-positive corneal donors and the effect on clinical outcomes","volume":"257","author":"Lindegaard","year":"2018","journal-title":"Graefe\u2019s Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(88)33008-3","article-title":"Late bacterial and fungal keratitis after corneal transplantation. Spectrum of pathogens, graft survival, and visual prognosis. Spectrum of pathogens, graft survival, and visual prognosis","volume":"95","author":"Harris","year":"1988","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Knutsson, K.A., Iovieno, A., Matuska, S., Fontana, L., and Rama, P. (2021). Topical Corticosteroids and Fungal Keratitis: A Review of the Literature and Case Series. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10061178"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(91)32211-5","article-title":"Use of corticosteroids in combination with antimicrobial drugs in the treatment of infectious corneal disease","volume":"98","author":"Stern","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szkodny, D., Wr\u00f3blewska-Czajka, E., Wyl\u0119ga\u0142a, A., Nandzik, M., and Wyl\u0119ga\u0142a, E. (2022). Incidence of Complications Related to Corneal Graft in a Group of 758 Patients. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12010220"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e31825e83bf","article-title":"Report of the Eye Bank Association of America Medical Advisory Board Subcommittee on Fungal Infection after Corneal Transplantation","volume":"32","author":"Aldave","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000000205","article-title":"Interface infection after descemet stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty: Outcomes of therapeutic keratoplasty","volume":"33","author":"Nahum","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707242","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.707242","article-title":"Post-keratoplasty Infectious Keratitis: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, Management, and Outcomes","volume":"8","author":"Song","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000000869","article-title":"Report of the Eye Bank Association of America Medical Review Subcommittee on Adverse Reactions Reported From 2007 to 2014","volume":"35","author":"Edelstein","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_560_21","article-title":"Post-corneal transplant Candida keratitis\u2014Incidence and outcome","volume":"70","author":"Sati","year":"2022","journal-title":"Indian J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.10.015","article-title":"Bacterial keratitis after penetrating keratoplasty: Incidence, microbiological profile, graft survival, and visual outcome","volume":"114","author":"Wagoner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1504","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(88)32988-X","article-title":"Bacterial keratitis after penetrating keratoplasty","volume":"95","author":"Tabbara","year":"1988","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"755","article-title":"Therapeutic keratoplasty for advanced suppurative keratitis","volume":"143","author":"Ti","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.1990.8","article-title":"Microbial keratitis after penetrating keratoplasty","volume":"4","author":"Bates","year":"1990","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2006.10.001","article-title":"Infectious keratitis following keratoplasty","volume":"52","author":"Vajpayee","year":"2007","journal-title":"Surv. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"167","article-title":"Aspergillus flavus keratitis after deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty","volume":"7","author":"Jafarinasab","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Ophthalmic Vis. Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.07.052","article-title":"Therapeutic and optical keratoplasty in the management of Acanthamoeba keratitis: Risk factors, outcomes, and summary of the literature","volume":"122","author":"Robaei","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1007\/s40135-015-0075-7","article-title":"Current Concepts in the Management of Unique Post-keratoplasty Infections","volume":"3","author":"Schallhorn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Ophthalmol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2018-312709","article-title":"Fungal infection after endothelial keratoplasty: Association with hypothermic corneal storage","volume":"103","author":"Lau","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2018-312938","article-title":"Interface infectious keratitis after anterior and posterior lamellar keratoplasty. Clinical features and treatment strategies. A review","volume":"103","author":"Fontana","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e3180ca9a61","article-title":"Candida interface keratitis after deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty: Clinical, microbiologic, histopathologic, and confocal microscopic reports","volume":"26","author":"Kanavi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2020-318305","article-title":"Early postoperative infection following lamellar keratoplasty: A review","volume":"106","author":"Das","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000000192","article-title":"Intrastromal antifungal injection with secondary lamellar interface infusion for late-onset infectious keratitis after DSAEK","volume":"33","author":"Tu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000002710","article-title":"Interface Drainage and Antimicrobial Irrigation Avoid Repeat Keratoplasty for Post-DSAEK Cold Interface Abscess","volume":"40","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1414","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000003218","article-title":"Corneal Transplantation for Infectious Keratitis: A Prospective Dutch Registry Study","volume":"42","author":"Veugen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.4274\/tjo.galenos.2020.77026","article-title":"Distribution of Microbial Keratitis After Penetrating Keratoplasty According to Early and Late Postoperative Periods","volume":"50","author":"Atalay","year":"2020","journal-title":"Turk. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32751","DOI":"10.1038\/srep32751","article-title":"A comparative, retrospective, observational study of the clinical and microbiological profiles of post-penetrating keratoplasty keratitis","volume":"6","author":"Lin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2652","DOI":"10.1177\/11206721211062979","article-title":"Post penetrating keratoplasty infectious keratitis: Clinico-microbiological profile and predictors of outcome","volume":"32","author":"Dave","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2546923","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/2546923","article-title":"Five Years Pathological Evaluation of Corneal Regrafts: A Study from Southern Iran","volume":"2020","author":"Eghtedari","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-022-05883-4","article-title":"Therapeutic keratoplasty for severe Acanthamoeba keratitis: Risk factors, clinical features, and outcomes of postoperative recurrence","volume":"261","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Graefe\u2019s Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2008.12.029","article-title":"Keratoplasty for Treatment of Acanthamoeba Keratitis","volume":"116","author":"Kitzmann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000002880","article-title":"Therapeutic Corneal Transplantation in Acanthamoeba Keratitis: Penetrating Versus Lamellar Keratoplasty","volume":"41","author":"Varacalli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e31823f0b49","article-title":"Bacillus cereus infection after Descemet stripping endothelial keratoplasty","volume":"31","author":"Basak","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"1061","article-title":"Microbial keratitis following corneal transplantation","volume":"142","author":"Wright","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-016-3412-0","article-title":"Therapeutic dilemma in fungal keratitis: Administration of steroids for immune rejection early after keratoplasty","volume":"254","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Graefe\u2019s Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2009.10.004","article-title":"Risk factors, clinical features, and outcomes of recurrent fungal keratitis after corneal transplantation","volume":"117","author":"Shi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"1087","article-title":"Real-world experience of using ciclosporin-A 0.1% in the management of ocular surface inflammatory diseases","volume":"106","author":"Deshmukh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"3260","article-title":"Tacrolimus dye drop treatment for the management of early post-operative intraocular inflammation after therapeutic keratoplasty for severe infectious keratitis","volume":"20","author":"Zang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"CD007824","article-title":"Oral antivirals for preventing recurrent herpes simplex keratitis in people with corneal grafts","volume":"11","author":"Bhatt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1470","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2013-304660","article-title":"Topical antibiotics for the management of bacterial keratitis: An evidence-based review of high quality randomised controlled trials","volume":"98","author":"McDonald","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1902","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(97)30009-8","article-title":"Ofloxacin monotherapy for the primary treatment of microbial keratitis: A double-masked, randomized, controlled trial with conventional dual therapy. The Ofloxacin Study Group","volume":"104","author":"Pavesio","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1824383","DOI":"10.1080\/16549716.2020.1824383","article-title":"Rural community perceptions of antibiotic access and understanding of antimicrobial resistance: Qualitative evidence from the Health and Demographic Surveillance System site in Matlab, Bangladesh","volume":"12","author":"Chowdhury","year":"2019","journal-title":"Glob. Health Action"},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"376","article-title":"Novel Drug Delivery Systems to Improve the Treatment of Keratitis","volume":"38","author":"Polat","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Ocul. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2017.06.001","article-title":"Review: Emerging strategies for antimicrobial drug delivery to the ocular surface: Implications for infectious keratitis","volume":"15","author":"Sharma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ocul. Surf."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rykowska, I., Nowak, I., and Nowak, R. (2021). Soft Contact Lenses as Drug Delivery Systems: A Review. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26185577"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_2693_21","article-title":"Photo-activated chromophore for infectious keratitis cross-linking and its efficacy as a treatment modality in managing microbial keratitis","volume":"70","author":"Saini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Indian J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1007\/s40135-020-00252-y","article-title":"Photodynamic Therapy for Infectious Keratitis","volume":"8","author":"Altamirano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Ophthalmol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-018-2534-y","article-title":"A Review of the Emerging Role of Silk for the Treatment of the Eye","volume":"35","author":"Tran","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-009-1111-9","article-title":"Clinical review of corneal ulcers resulting in evisceration and enucleation in elderly population","volume":"247","author":"Constantinou","year":"2009","journal-title":"Graefe\u2019s Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.06.030","article-title":"Infectious keratitis progressing to endophthalmitis: A 15-year study of microbiology, associated factors, and clinical outcomes","volume":"119","author":"Henry","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2020.08.004","article-title":"Surgical alternatives to keratoplasty in microbial keratitis","volume":"66","author":"Singhal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Surv. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1080\/02713683.2019.1631852","article-title":"Microbial Keratitis and Ocular Surface Disease: A 5-Year Study of the Microbiology, Risk Factors and Clinical Outcomes in Sydney, Australia","volume":"44","author":"Khoo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"8283131","article-title":"Clinical Review of Microbial Corneal Ulcers Resulting in Enucleation and Evisceration in a Tertiary Eye Care Center in Hungary","volume":"2020","author":"Pluzsik","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1097\/ICU.0b013e32833a8e23","article-title":"Therapeutic keratoplasty for microbial keratitis","volume":"21","author":"Sharma","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2165","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S71102","article-title":"Surgical therapies for corneal perforations: 10 years of cases in a tertiary referral hospital","volume":"8","author":"Yokogawa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209759","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/209759","article-title":"Big bubble deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty for management of deep fungal keratitis","volume":"2014","author":"Gao","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2020.11.001","article-title":"Infectious keratitis after lamellar keratoplasty","volume":"66","author":"Sharma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Surv. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_92","first-page":"707","article-title":"Clinical features of immune rejection after corneoscleral transplantation","volume":"146","author":"Shi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000000741","article-title":"Application of the SMILE-Derived Glued Lenticule Patch Graft in Microperforations and Partial-Thickness Corneal Defects","volume":"35","author":"Bhandari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2018.07.002","article-title":"Microbial keratitis in Stevens-Johnson syndrome: Clinical and microbiological profile","volume":"16","author":"Bagga","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ocul. Surf."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1097\/00003226-200110000-00011","article-title":"Compression sutures in the management of corneal transplant wound infections","volume":"20","author":"Meisler","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"ref_96","first-page":"224","article-title":"Presumed Microbial Keratitis Cases Resulting in Evisceration and Enucleation in Sydney, Australia","volume":"31","author":"Khoo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ocul. Immunol. Inflamm."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/13\/8\/2326\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:29:22Z","timestamp":1760106562000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/13\/8\/2326"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,17]]},"references-count":96,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm13082326"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm13082326","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,17]]}}}