{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T06:23:18Z","timestamp":1782886998202,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":111,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,18]],"date-time":"2024-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713398400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is the prototypical systemic autoimmune disorder. Kidney involvement, termed lupus nephritis (LN), is seen in 40\u201360% of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). After the diagnosis, serial measurement of proteinuria is the most common method of monitoring treatment response and progression. However, present treatments for LN\u2014corticosteroids and immunosuppressants\u2014target inflammation, not proteinuria. Furthermore, subclinical renal inflammation can persist despite improving proteinuria. Serial kidney biopsies\u2014the gold standard for disease monitoring\u2014are also not feasible due to their inherent risk of complications. Biomarkers that reflect the underlying renal inflammatory process and better predict LN progression and treatment response are urgently needed. Urinary biomarkers are particularly relevant as they can be measured non-invasively and may better reflect the compartmentalized renal response in LN, unlike serum studies that are non-specific to the kidney. The past decade has overseen a boom in applying cutting-edge technologies to dissect the pathogenesis of diseases at the molecular and cellular levels. Using these technologies in LN is beginning to reveal novel disease biomarkers and therapeutic targets for LN, potentially improving patient outcomes if successfully translated to clinical practice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13082339","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,18]],"date-time":"2024-04-18T06:21:12Z","timestamp":1713421272000},"page":"2339","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Urinary Biomarkers for Lupus Nephritis: A Systems Biology Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5967-9984","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed H.","family":"Omer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4YS, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1202-7214","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Areez","family":"Shafqat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omar","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juzer","family":"Nadri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1372-9883","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khaled","family":"AlKattan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7536-910X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed","family":"Yaqinuddin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2110","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1100359","article-title":"Systemic Lupus Erythematosus","volume":"365","author":"Tsokos","year":"2011","journal-title":"N. 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