{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T16:16:42Z","timestamp":1792685802513,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":157,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,19]],"date-time":"2024-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713484800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010621","name":"Medical University of Lublin","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DS707"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DS707"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010621","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Changes in trace element concentrations are being wildly considered when it comes to neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer\u2019s disease and Parkinson\u2019s disease. This study aims to present the role that trace elements play in the central nervous system. Moreover, we reviewed the mechanisms involved in their neurotoxicity. Low zinc concentrations, as well as high levels of copper, manganese, and iron, activate the signalling pathways of the inflammatory, oxidative and nitrosative stress response. Neurodegeneration occurs due to the association between metals and proteins, which is then followed by aggregate formation, mitochondrial disorder, and, ultimately, cell death. In Alzheimer\u2019s disease, low Zn levels suppress the neurotoxicity induced by \u03b2-amyloid through the selective precipitation of aggregation intermediates. High concentrations of copper, iron and manganese cause the aggregation of intracellular \u03b1-synuclein, which results in synaptic dysfunction and axonal transport disruption. Parkinson\u2019s disease is caused by the accumulation of Fe in the midbrain dopaminergic nucleus, and the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis derives from Zn deficiency, leading to an imbalance between T cell functions. Aluminium disturbs the homeostasis of other metals through a rise in the production of oxygen reactive forms, which then leads to cellular death. Selenium, in association with iron, plays a distinct role in the process of ferroptosis. Outlining the influence that metals have on oxidoreduction processes is crucial to recognising the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases and may provide possible new methods for both their avoidance and therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13082381","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,19]],"date-time":"2024-04-19T06:28:09Z","timestamp":1713508089000},"page":"2381","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Trace Elements in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Dementia: The Current State of Knowledge"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Tyczy\u0144ska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Correct, Clinical and Imaging Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Jaczewskiego 4, 20-090 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"G\u0119dek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Jaczewskiego 8b, 20-090 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7223-2500","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam","family":"Brachet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Jaczewskiego 8b, 20-090 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5416-6602","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wojciech","family":"Str\u0119k","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Correct, Clinical and Imaging Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Jaczewskiego 4, 20-090 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6881-3161","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jolanta","family":"Flieger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chod\u017aki 4A, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4184-9305","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grzegorz","family":"Teresi\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Jaczewskiego 8b, 20-090 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1372-8987","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacek","family":"Baj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Correct, Clinical and Imaging Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Jaczewskiego 4, 20-090 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2018.01.022","article-title":"Dementia","volume":"131","author":"Gale","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rostagno, A.A. (2022). Pathogenesis of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24010107"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32205-4","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"397","author":"Scheltens","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1177\/1039856218762308","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Clinical update on epidemiology, pathophysiology and diagnosis","volume":"26","author":"Eratne","year":"2018","journal-title":"Australas. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-804766-8.00013-3","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"167","year":"2019","journal-title":"Handb. Clin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-60327-029-8_8","article-title":"Nanoparticle and iron chelators as a potential novel Alzheimer therapy","volume":"610","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baj, J., Forma, A., Sitarz, E., Karaku\u0142a, K., Flieger, W., Sitarz, M., Grochowski, C., Maciejewski, R., and Karakula-Juchnowicz, H. (2020). Beyond the Mind\u2014Serum Trace Element Levels in Schizophrenic Patients: A Systematic Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21249566"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.07.029","article-title":"Autism spectrum disorder: Trace elements imbalances and the pathogenesis and severity of autistic symptoms","volume":"129","author":"Baj","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X18666200528142429","article-title":"Recent Advancements in Pathogenesis, Diagnostics and Treatment of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"18","author":"Khan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1038\/41343","article-title":"Cloning and characterization of a mammalian proton-coupled metal-ion transporter","volume":"388","author":"Gunshin","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1537","article-title":"Iron, brain ageing and neurodegenerative disorders","volume":"5","author":"Zecca","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/54\/3\/012","article-title":"Mapping metals in Parkinson\u2019s and normal brain using rapid-scanning x-ray fluorescence","volume":"54","author":"Popescu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1830","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1989.tb07264.x","article-title":"Increased nigral iron content and alterations in other metal ions occurring in brain in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"52","author":"Dexter","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2019.00115","article-title":"Analysis of Trace Elements in Human Brain: Its Aim, Methods, and Concentration Levels","volume":"7","author":"Grochowski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Chem."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.14853","article-title":"Metabolic profile-based subgroups can identify differences in brain volumes and brain iron deposition","volume":"25","author":"Lumsden","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. Metab."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nux015","article-title":"Impact of high iron intake on cognition and neurodegeneration in humans and in animal models: A systematic review","volume":"75","author":"Agrawal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spence, H., McNeil, C.J., and Waiter, G.D. (2020). The impact of brain iron accumulation on cognition: A systematic review. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0240697"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2017.02.025","article-title":"Parkinsonian-Pyramidal syndromes: A systematic review","volume":"39","author":"Tranchant","year":"2017","journal-title":"Park. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa020817","article-title":"Genetic, clinical, and radiographic delineation of Hallervorden-Spatz syndrome","volume":"348","author":"Hayflick","year":"2003","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.14802\/jmd.14034","article-title":"Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation: Diagnosis and management","volume":"8","author":"Hogarth","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lei, P., Ayton, S., and Bush, A.I. (2021). The essential elements of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. J. Biol. Chem., 296.","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.REV120.008207"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pal, A., Cerchiaro, G., Rani, I., Ventriglia, M., Rongioletti, M., Longobardi, A., and Squitti, R. (2022). Iron in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: From Physiology to Disease Disabilities. Biomolecules, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12091248"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gong, L., Sun, J., and Cong, S. (2023). Levels of iron and iron-related proteins in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol., 80.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2023.127304"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-022-01229-y","article-title":"Copper homeostasis and cuproptosis in health and disease","volume":"7","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"214","article-title":"An overview of the metabolism of copper","volume":"4","author":"Aggett","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/129.7.1251","article-title":"A delicate balance: Homeostatic control of copper uptake and distribution","volume":"129","author":"Pena","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60196-2","article-title":"Wilson\u2019s disease","volume":"369","author":"Ala","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpneuro0291","article-title":"Wilson\u2019s disease: An update","volume":"2","author":"Das","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Clin. Pract. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6289","DOI":"10.1021\/bi3006169","article-title":"Copper and oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"51","author":"Eskici","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-131247","article-title":"Meta-analysis of serum non-ceruloplasmin copper in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"38","author":"Squitti","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1021\/bi0358824","article-title":"Copper mediates dityrosine cross-linking of Alzheimer\u2019s amyloid-beta","volume":"43","author":"Atwood","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(01)00317-8","article-title":"Treatment with a copper-zinc chelator markedly and rapidly inhibits beta-amyloid accumulation in Alzheimer\u2019s disease transgenic mice","volume":"30","author":"Cherny","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfw081","article-title":"Copper exposure perturbs brain inflammatory responses and impairs clearance of amyloid-beta","volume":"152","author":"Kitazawa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2021.01.010","article-title":"The Function and Regulation of Zinc in the Brain","volume":"457","author":"Krall","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, B., Fang, T., and Chen, H. (2023). Zinc and Central Nervous System Disorders. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15092140"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20081793","article-title":"The tumour suppressor p53 regulates the expression of amyloid precursor protein (APP)","volume":"418","author":"Cuesta","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9812178","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/9812178","article-title":"Metals and Neuronal Metal Binding Proteins Implicated in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"2016","author":"Santos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1177\/1533317510382283","article-title":"Subclinical zinc deficiency in Alzheimer\u2019s disease and Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"25","author":"Brewer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis. Other Dement."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2005.04.005","article-title":"Brain, aging and neurodegeneration: Role of zinc ion availability","volume":"75","author":"Mocchegiani","year":"2005","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3025","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1980-20.2020","article-title":"Zinc Status Alters Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Progression through NLRP3-Dependent Inflammation","volume":"41","author":"Tapia","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2020.07.003","article-title":"Multifunctional roles of zinc in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"80","author":"Xie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1002\/iub.1262","article-title":"Selenium and selenoprotein function in brain disorders","volume":"66","author":"Pillai","year":"2014","journal-title":"IUBMB Life"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liang, X., Xue, Z., Zheng, Y., Li, S., Zhou, L., Cao, L., and Zou, Y. (2023). Selenium supplementation enhanced the expression of selenoproteins in hippocampus and played a neuroprotective role in LPS-induced neuroinflammation. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 234.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.123740"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chembiol.2020.03.012","article-title":"Selenium: Tracing Another Essential Element of Ferroptotic Cell Death","volume":"27","author":"Conrad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2014.00206","article-title":"Nutritional status, oxidative stress and dementia: The role of selenium in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"6","author":"Santos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2006.1363","article-title":"Seleno-L-methionine protects against beta-amyloid and iron\/hydrogen peroxide-mediated neuron death","volume":"9","author":"Xiong","year":"2007","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2008.05.048","article-title":"Sodium selenite inhibits gamma-secretase activity through activation of ERK","volume":"440","author":"Tung","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2010.04.020","article-title":"Sodium selenate specifically activates PP2A phosphatase, dephosphorylates tau and reverses memory deficits in an Alzheimer\u2019s disease model","volume":"17","author":"Corcoran","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Strumylaite, L., Kregzdyte, R., Kucikiene, O., Baranauskiene, D., Simakauskiene, V., Naginiene, R., Damuleviciene, G., Lesauskaite, V., and Zemaitiene, R. (2022). Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Association with Metals and Metalloids Concentration in Blood and Urine. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19127309"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210169","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/210169","article-title":"Modulatory role of simvastatin against aluminium chloride-induced behavioural and biochemical changes in rats","volume":"2015","author":"Nampoothiri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Behav. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kawahara, M., Kato-Negishi, M., and Tanaka, K.I. (2023). Dietary Trace Elements and the Pathogenesis of Neurodegenerative Diseases. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15092067"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Doroszkiewicz, J., Farhan, J.A., Mroczko, J., Winkel, I., Perkowski, M., and Mroczko, B. (2023). Common and Trace Metals in Alzheimer\u2019s and Parkinson\u2019s Diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242115721"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/S0892-0362(97)00069-X","article-title":"An aluminum-induced increase in GFAP is attenuated by some chelators","volume":"20","author":"Yokel","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neurotoxicol. Teratol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2005.09.004","article-title":"Oxidative damage following chronic aluminium exposure in adult and pup rat brains","volume":"19","author":"Nehru","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/s42826-023-00184-1","article-title":"Insight into the emerging and common experimental in-vivo models of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"39","author":"Dhapola","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lab. Anim. Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837579","DOI":"10.3389\/ftox.2022.837579","article-title":"Role of Environmental Toxicants on Neurodegenerative Disorders","volume":"4","author":"Nabi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1007\/s43440-022-00353-4","article-title":"Neurotoxic effects of aluminium exposure as a potential risk factor for Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"74","author":"Dey","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.3109\/01480545.2014.900068","article-title":"Protective effect of L-Theanine against aluminium induced neurotoxicity in cerebral cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum of rat brain\u2014Histopathological, and biochemical approach","volume":"38","author":"Sumathi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drug Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2016.07.035","article-title":"Multifaceted effects of aluminium in neurodegenerative diseases: A review","volume":"83","author":"Maya","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-1326-6-11","article-title":"Pathophysiology, treatment, and animal and cellular models of human ischemic stroke","volume":"6","author":"Woodruff","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Neurodegener."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-813X(02)00194-8","article-title":"Aluminum disrupts the pro-inflammatory cytokine\/neurotrophin balance in primary brain rotation-mediated aggregate cultures: Possible role in neurodegeneration","volume":"24","author":"Johnson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1789.1993.tb00222.x","article-title":"ALS in the Kii Peninsula of Japan, with special reference to neurofibrillary tangles and aluminum","volume":"13","author":"Kihira","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neuropathology"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276393","DOI":"10.4061\/2011\/276393","article-title":"Link between Aluminum and the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: The Integration of the Aluminum and Amyloid Cascade Hypotheses","volume":"2011","author":"Kawahara","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2003.02287.x","article-title":"Pseudophosphorylation of tau protein alters its ability for self-aggregation","volume":"88","author":"Haase","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1007\/s40572-016-0107-y","article-title":"Is Urinary Cadmium a Biomarker of Long-term Exposure in Humans? A Review","volume":"3","author":"Kruse","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Environ. Health Rep."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1879","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.239434","article-title":"Cadmium-induced neurotoxicity: Still much ado","volume":"13","author":"Branca","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650930","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2021.650930","article-title":"Cadmium, an Environmental Contaminant, Exacerbates Alzheimer\u2019s Pathology in the Aged Mice\u2019s Brain","volume":"13","author":"Ali","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, A., Matsushita, M., Zhang, L., Wang, H., Shi, X., Gu, H., Xia, Z., and Cui, J.Y. (2021). Cadmium exposure modulates the gut-liver axis in an Alzheimer\u2019s disease mouse model. Commun. Biol., 4.","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-021-02898-1"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-016-0155-7","article-title":"Blood cadmium levels and Alzheimer\u2019s disease mortality risk in older US adults","volume":"15","author":"Min","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cascella, R., and Cecchi, C. (2021). Calcium Dyshomeostasis in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Pathogenesis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22094914"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2022.111280","article-title":"Astrocyte calcium dysfunction causes early network hyperactivity in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"40","author":"Shah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chami, M. (2021). Calcium Signalling in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: From Pathophysiological Regulation to Therapeutic Approaches. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10010140"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baracaldo-Santamar\u00eda, D., Avenda\u00f1o-Lopez, S.S., Ariza-Salamanca, D.F., Rodriguez-Giraldo, M., Calderon-Ospina, C.A., Gonzalez-Reyes, R.E., and Nava-Mesa, M.O. (2023). Role of Calcium Modulation in the Pathophysiology and Treatment of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24109067"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200105080-00040","article-title":"Diffuse neurofibrillary tangles with calcification (a form of dementia): X-ray spectrometric evidence of lead accumulation in calcified regions","volume":"12","author":"Haraguchi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.01109361","article-title":"Characterization of toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics with linear systems theory: Application to lead-associated cognitive decline","volume":"109","author":"Links","year":"2001","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.4103\/ijoem.ijoem_140_22","article-title":"Relationship and Accuracy of Urine Lead as an Alternative to Blood Lead Biomarker among Panel Beaters in Enugu Metropolis: Nigeria","volume":"27","author":"Kassy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Indian J. Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.55.8.1144","article-title":"Past adult lead exposure is associated with longitudinal decline in cognitive function","volume":"55","author":"Schwartz","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"381","article-title":"Trimethyl lead neurotoxicity in the rat: Changes in glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)","volume":"46","author":"Gong","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arh. Hig. Rada Toksikol."},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"97","article-title":"Organolead compounds: Environmental health aspects","volume":"72","author":"Grandjean","year":"1979","journal-title":"Residue Rev."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4274(98)00036-8","article-title":"Synaptic plasticity in the CA1 and CA3 hippocampal region of pre- and postnatally lead-exposed rats","volume":"95","author":"Gutowski","year":"1998","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1006\/taap.1996.0145","article-title":"Lead-induced alterations of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in the developing rat brain","volume":"139","author":"Harry","year":"1996","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.25.10.927","article-title":"Neurofibrillary changes after acute experimental lead poisoning","volume":"25","author":"Niklowitz","year":"1975","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_83","first-page":"389","article-title":"Chronic lead exposure induces astrogliosis in hippocampus and cerebellum","volume":"15","author":"Loidl","year":"1994","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a116757","article-title":"Patrick Ford, Jacqueline Agnew, Howard Frumkin, Decrements in Neurobehavioral Performance Associated with Mixed Exposure to Organic and Inorganic Lead","volume":"137","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3887","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200112210-00006","article-title":"Lead content of brain tissue in diffuse neurofibrillary tangles with calcification (DNTC): The possibility of lead neurotoxicity","volume":"12","author":"Haraguchi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-200282","article-title":"Heavy Metals Exposure and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Related Dementias","volume":"76","author":"Bakulski","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2018.06.1065","article-title":"Lead exposure induces alzheimers\u2019s disease (ad)-like pathology and disturbes cholesterol metabolism in the young rat brain","volume":"296","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfu208","article-title":"Exposure to as-, cd-, and pb-mixture induces abeta, amyloidogenic app processing and cognitive impairments via oxidative stress-dependent neuroinflammation in young rats","volume":"143","author":"Ashok","year":"2015","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1843","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2019.01.018","article-title":"Metal Toxicity Links to Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Neuroinflammation","volume":"431","author":"Huat","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kirkland, A.E., Sarlo, G.L., and Holton, K.F. (2018). The Role of Magnesium in Neurological Disorders. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10060730"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maier, J.A.M., Locatelli, L., Fedele, G., Cazzaniga, A., and Mazur, A. (2022). Magnesium and the Brain: A Focus on Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24010223"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vink, R., and Nechifor, M. (2011). Magnesium in the Central Nervous System, University of Adelaide Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/UPO9780987073051"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.5498\/wjp.v12.i9.1261","article-title":"Magnesium may be an effective therapy for Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"12","author":"Lei","year":"2022","journal-title":"World J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2009.12.026","article-title":"Enhancement of learning and memory by elevating brain magnesium","volume":"65","author":"Slutsky","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.5498\/wjp.v12.i3.410","article-title":"Magnesium-L-threonate exhibited a neuroprotective effect against oxidative stress damage in HT22 cells and Alzheimer\u2019s disease mouse model","volume":"12","author":"Xiong","year":"2022","journal-title":"World J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-020-00649-5","article-title":"Mercury and Alzheimer\u2019s disease: A look at the links and evidence","volume":"36","author":"Azar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Metab. Brain Dis."},{"key":"ref_97","first-page":"511","article-title":"Insights into the Potential Role of Mercury in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"67","author":"Tinkov","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_98","first-page":"195","article-title":"Brain trace elements in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"7","author":"Ehmann","year":"1986","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(90)91804-P","article-title":"Trace element imbalances in isolated subcellular fractions of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"533","author":"Wenstrup","year":"1990","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_100","first-page":"231","article-title":"Metals and trace elements in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid in normal aging and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"3","author":"Basun","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm. Park. Dis. Dement. Sect."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22769","DOI":"10.1038\/srep22769","article-title":"Distinctive Pattern of Serum Elements During the Progression of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"6","author":"Paglia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paduraru, E., Iacob, D., Rarinca, V., Rusu, A., Jijie, R., Ilie, O.D., Ciobica, A., Nicoara, M., and Doroftei, B. (2022). Comprehensive Review Regarding Mercury Poisoning and Its Complex Involvement in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23041992"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rahman, M.A., Hannan, M.A., Uddin, M.J., Rahman, M.S., Rashid, M.M., and Kim, B. (2021). Exposure to Environmental Arsenic and Emerging Risk of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Perspective Mechanisms, Management Strategy, and Future Directions. Toxics, 9.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202107.0324.v1"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.17116\/patol20228405159","article-title":"Rol\u2019 rtuti i mysh\u2019yaka v etiologii i patogeneze boleznei Parkinsona i Al\u2019tsgeimera [The role of mercury and arsenic in the etiology and pathogenesis of Parkinson\u2019s and Alzheimer\u2019s diseases]","volume":"84","author":"Salkov","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arkhiv. Patol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharma, R., Abubakar, M.D., Bisht, P., Rachamalla, M., Kumar, A., Murti, K., Ravichandiran, V., and Kumar, M. (2023). Arsenic Exposure and Amyloid Precursor Protein Processing: A Focus on Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. Curr. Mol. Pharmacol.","DOI":"10.2174\/0118761429272806231020045840"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-022-01890-5","article-title":"Arsenic alters nitric oxide signaling similar to autism spectrum disorder and Alzheimer\u2019s disease-associated mutations","volume":"12","author":"Tripathi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-190646","article-title":"Brain Bromine Levels Associated with Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Neuropathology","volume":"73","author":"Agarwal","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107482","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107482","article-title":"Decabromodiphenyl ethane induces locomotion neurotoxicity and potential Alzheimer\u2019s disease risks through intensifying amyloid-beta deposition by inhibiting transthyretin\/transthyretin-like proteins","volume":"168","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1007\/s12264-018-0321-8","article-title":"NMDA Receptor Antagonist MK801 Protects Against 1-Bromopropane-Induced Cognitive Dysfunction","volume":"35","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2011.04.005","article-title":"Exposure to 1-bromopropane causes degeneration of noradrenergic axons in the rat brain","volume":"285","author":"Mohideen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmx021","article-title":"Chromium","volume":"9","author":"Vincent","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-019-00681-7","article-title":"Chromium picolinate attenuates cognitive deficit in ICV-STZ rat paradigm of sporadic Alzheimer\u2019s-like dementia via targeting neuroinflammatory and IRS-1\/PI3K\/AKT\/GSK-3\u03b2 pathway","volume":"28","author":"Akhtar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ntt.2022.107124","article-title":"Manganese and related neurotoxic pathways: A potential therapeutic target in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"94","author":"Chib","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurotoxicol. Teratol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2019.07.007","article-title":"The role of zinc, copper, manganese and iron in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"74","author":"Mezzaroba","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7580707","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/7580707","article-title":"The Essential Element Manganese, Oxidative Stress, and Metabolic Diseases: Links and Interactions","volume":"2018","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reyes, M.B., Mart\u00ednez-Oyanedel, J., Navarrete, C., Mardones, E., Martinez, I., Salas, M., Lopez, V., Garcia-Robles, M., Tarifeno-Saldivia, E., and Figueroa, M. (2020). Insights into the Mn2+ Binding Site in the Agmatinase-Like Protein (ALP): A Critical Enzyme for the Regulation of Agmatine Levels in Mammals. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21114132"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peres, T.V., Schettinger, M.R., Chen, P., Carvalho, F., Avila, D.S., Bowman, A.B., and Aschner, M. (2016). Manganese-induced neurotoxicity: A review of its behavioral consequences and neuroprotective strategies. BMC Pharmacol. Toxicol., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40360-016-0099-0"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2005.03.009","article-title":"Manganese accumulation in striatum of mice exposed to toxic doses is dependent upon a functional dopamine transporter","volume":"20","author":"Erikson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soto-Verdugo, J., and Ortega, A. (2021). Critical Involvement of Glial Cells in Manganese Neurotoxicity. Biomed. Res. Int., 2021.","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/1596185"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1080\/14737175.2020.1807330","article-title":"Manganese-induced neurodegenerative diseases and possible therapeutic approaches","volume":"20","author":"Martins","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert. Rev. Neurother."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.14681","article-title":"PET imaging of dopamine release in the frontal cortex of manganese-exposed non-human primates","volume":"150","author":"Guilarte","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibneur.2022.07.005","article-title":"Mechanistic considerations and biomarkers level in nickel-induced neurodegenerative diseases: An updated systematic review","volume":"13","author":"Anyachor","year":"2022","journal-title":"IBRO Neurosci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.11.176","article-title":"Transition metal nickel prevents Tau aggregation in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"156","author":"Gorantla","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6622","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-86060-1","article-title":"The nickel-chelator dimethylglyoxime inhibits human amyloid beta peptide in vitro aggregation","volume":"11","author":"Benoit","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K\u0131sa, D., Korkmaz, N., Taslimi, P., Tuzun, B., Tekin, S., Karadag, A., and Sen, F. (2020). Bioactivity and molecular docking studies of some nickel complexes: New analogues for the treatment of Alzheimer, glaucoma and epileptic diseases. Bioorg. Chem., 101.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioorg.2020.104066"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265310","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1265310","article-title":"Vanadium, cobalt, zinc, and rubidium are associated with markers of inflammation and oxidative stress in a Greek population with obesity","volume":"14","author":"Amerikanou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-016-0390-8","article-title":"Rubidium and potassium levels are altered in Alzheimer\u2019s disease brain and blood but not in cerebrospinal fluid","volume":"4","author":"Roberts","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol. Commun."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02820026","article-title":"Trace elements in Alzheimer\u2019s disease pituitary glands","volume":"62","author":"Cornett","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2004.04.029","article-title":"Elevated levels of ferrimagnetic metals in foodchains supporting the Guam cluster of neurodegeneration: Do metal nucleated crystal contaminants [corrected] evoke magnetic fields that initiate the progressive pathogenesis of neurodegeneration?","volume":"63","author":"Purdey","year":"2004","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"ref_130","first-page":"203","article-title":"Investigation of the Iron Oxide Nanoparticle Effects on Amyloid Precursor Protein Processing in Hippocampal Cells","volume":"14","author":"Sadeghi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Basic Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, J., Fu, J., Zhao, Y., Liu, Q., Yan, X., and Su, J. (2023). Iron and Targeted Iron Therapy in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242216353"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2944","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.3c00486","article-title":"Oxidative Stress Occurs Prior to Amyloid A\u03b2 Plaque Formation and Tau Phosphorylation in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Role of Glutathione and Metal Ions","volume":"14","author":"Roy","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Squitti, R., Pal, A., Picozza, M., Avan, A., Ventriglia, M., Rongioletti, M.C., and Hoogenraad, T. (2020). Zinc Therapy in Early Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Safety and Potential Therapeutic Efficacy. Biomolecules, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10081164"},{"key":"ref_134","first-page":"586365","article-title":"Zinc deficiency and zinc therapy efficacy with reduction of serum free copper in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"2013","author":"Brewer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2018.11.034","article-title":"Probiotic and selenium co-supplementation, and the effects on clinical, metabolic and genetic status in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: A randomized, double-blind, controlled trial","volume":"38","author":"Tamtaji","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46406","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.1c14818","article-title":"Oral Administration of Resveratrol-Selenium-Peptide Nanocomposites Alleviates Alzheimer\u2019s Disease-like Pathogenesis by Inhibiting A\u03b2 Aggregation and Regulating Gut Microbiota","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.5455\/msm.2020.32.299-306","article-title":"Toxic Environmental Factors and their Association with the Development of Dementia: A Mini Review on Heavy Metals and Ambient Particulate Matter","volume":"32","author":"Antoniadou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Sociomed."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116722","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.116722","article-title":"Metals linked with the most prevalent primary neurodegenerative dementias in the elderly: A narrative review","volume":"236","author":"Mateo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koski, L., Ronnevi, C., Berntsson, E., W\u00e4rml\u00e4nder, S.K.T.S., and Roos, P.M. (2021). Metals in ALS TDP-43 Pathology. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222212193"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2016.03.022","article-title":"Blood levels of trace metals and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"54","author":"Peters","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pesch, B., Casjens, S., Woitalla, D., Dharmadhikari, S., Edmondson, D.A., Zella, M.A.S., Lehnert, M., Lotz, A., Herrmann, L., and Muhlack, S. (2019). Impairment of Motor Function Correlates with Neurometabolite and Brain Iron Alterations in Parkinson\u2019s Disease. Cells, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8020096"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2019-322042","article-title":"Brain iron deposition is linked with cognitive severity in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"91","author":"Thomas","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18622","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.103870","article-title":"Asymmetrical nigral iron accumulation in Parkinson\u2019s disease with motor asymmetry: An explorative, longitudinal and test-retest study","volume":"12","author":"Guan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awab084","article-title":"Regional brain iron and gene expression provide insights into neurodegeneration in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"144","author":"Thomas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ajsuvakova, O.P., Tinkov, A.A., Willkommen, D., Skalnaya, A.A., Danilov, A.B., Pilipovich, A.A., Aschner, M., Skalny, A.V., Michalke, B., and Skalnaya, M.G. (2020). Assessment of copper, iron, zinc and manganese status and speciation in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease: A pilot study. J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol., 59.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2019.126423"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2018.01.005","article-title":"Species fractionation in a case-control study concerning Parkinson\u2019s disease: Cu-amino acids discriminate CSF of PD from controls","volume":"49","author":"Willkommen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2018.05.022","article-title":"Association of metals with the risk and clinical characteristics of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"55","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Park. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2018.02.003","article-title":"Hair in Parkinson\u2019s disease patients exhibits differences in Calcium, Iron and Zinc concentrations measured by flame atomic absorption spectrometry\u2014FAAS","volume":"47","author":"Kohlmeier","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-019-02041-9","article-title":"Higher zinc concentrations in hair of Parkinson\u2019s disease are associated with psychotic complications and depression","volume":"126","author":"Bezerra","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.23060","article-title":"Manganese exposure, parkinsonian signs, and quality of life in South African mine workers","volume":"63","author":"Dlamini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Ind. Med."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-021-00712-3","article-title":"Severity of parkinsonism associated with environmental manganese exposure","volume":"20","author":"Racette","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2021.05.029","article-title":"Increased prevalence of Parkinson\u2019s disease in soils with high arsenic levels","volume":"88","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Park. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pamphlett, R., and Bishop, D.P. (2022). Mercury is present in neurons and oligodendrocytes in regions of the brain affected by Parkinson\u2019s disease and co-localises with Lewy bodies. PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0262464"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1186\/s13148-021-01051-3","article-title":"DNA methylation biomarker for cumulative lead exposure is associated with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"13","author":"Paul","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Epigenet."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1672","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00461-4","article-title":"Frontotemporal dementia","volume":"386","author":"Bang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-171074","article-title":"Serum Copper is not Altered in Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration","volume":"63","author":"Squitti","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adani, G., Filippini, T., Garuti, C., Malavolti, M., Vinceti, G., Zamboni, G., Tondelli, M., Galli, C., Costa, M., and Vincenti, M. (2020). Environmental Risk Factors for Early-Onset Alzheimer\u2019s Dementia and Frontotemporal Dementia: A Case-Control Study in Northern Italy. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17217941"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/13\/8\/2381\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:30:58Z","timestamp":1760106658000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/13\/8\/2381"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,19]]},"references-count":157,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm13082381"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm13082381","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,19]]}}}