{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T18:50:34Z","timestamp":1789498234379,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,24]],"date-time":"2024-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713916800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","award":["142260"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["142260"]}]},{"name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","award":["270517"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["270517"]}]},{"name":"Fonds de Recherche du Qu\u00e9bec Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 et Culture","award":["142260"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["142260"]}]},{"name":"Fonds de Recherche du Qu\u00e9bec Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 et Culture","award":["270517"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["270517"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Tourette syndrome (TS) and Chronic Tic Disorder (CT) are neurodevelopmental conditions involving motor and\/or phonic tics. Youth with tics may encounter feelings of isolation, diminished self-esteem and quality of life, and academic difficulties. A growing body of scientific literature suggests sex differences in youth with tics, but findings have been mixed so far. Because symptom severity peaks around puberty, understanding sex differences in tic manifestations and associated symptoms during this critical period is essential. Therefore, we aimed to assess sex differences related to tic symptoms, action planning styles, quality of life, and externalizing\/internalizing symptoms in youth with tics. Methods: Our sample consisted of 66 youths with tics (19 girls) aged 7\u201314 (mean = 10 years). Youths were assessed with clinical interviews, as well as self- and parent-reported inventories evaluating tic symptoms, psychological profiles, and quality of life. Results: While no differences in tic symptoms were found, girls exhibited lower functional inflexibility, reduced overall functional planning effectiveness, and higher impairment in the psychological well-being subscale than boys. Additionally, girls had reduced general life satisfaction and social self-esteem. Boys reported more explosive outbursts, higher levels of hyperactivity, and more difficulties with self-concept. Conclusions: Our analyses suggested differences in several manifestations associated with tics. This introduces new perspectives that refine our understanding of sex differences. A better understanding of sex differences in tic disorders may eventually improve outcomes for all individuals living with these conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13092477","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,24]],"date-time":"2024-04-24T03:56:31Z","timestamp":1713930991000},"page":"2477","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Sex Differences in Youth with Chronic Tic Disorder and Tourette Syndrome: Evaluation of Tic Severity, Psychological Profiles, and Quality of Life"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0163-3454","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00e9liza","family":"Gagnon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec \u00e0 Montr\u00e9al, Montreal, QC H2X 3P2, Canada"},{"name":"Centre de Recherche du Centre Int\u00e9gr\u00e9 Universitaire de Sant\u00e9 et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) du Nord-de-l\u2019\u00cele-de-Montr\u00e9al, Montreal, QC H1E 1A4, Canada"},{"name":"Centre de Recherche de l\u2019Institut Universitaire en Sant\u00e9 Mentale de Montr\u00e9al, Montreal, QC H1N 3V2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8283-0440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilana","family":"Singer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec \u00e0 Montr\u00e9al, Montreal, QC H2X 3P2, Canada"},{"name":"Centre de Recherche du Centre Int\u00e9gr\u00e9 Universitaire de Sant\u00e9 et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) du Nord-de-l\u2019\u00cele-de-Montr\u00e9al, Montreal, QC H1E 1A4, Canada"},{"name":"Centre de Recherche de l\u2019Institut Universitaire en Sant\u00e9 Mentale de Montr\u00e9al, Montreal, QC H1N 3V2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5880-3688","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simon","family":"Morand-Beaulieu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec \u00e0 Montr\u00e9al, Montreal, QC H2X 3P2, Canada"},{"name":"Centre de Recherche du Centre Int\u00e9gr\u00e9 Universitaire de Sant\u00e9 et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) du Nord-de-l\u2019\u00cele-de-Montr\u00e9al, Montreal, QC H1E 1A4, Canada"},{"name":"Centre de Recherche de l\u2019Institut Universitaire en Sant\u00e9 Mentale de Montr\u00e9al, Montreal, QC H1N 3V2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kieron P.","family":"O\u2019Connor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche de l\u2019Institut Universitaire en Sant\u00e9 Mentale de Montr\u00e9al, Montreal, QC H1N 3V2, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montreal, QC H2V 2S9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4958-7813","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno","family":"Gauthier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montreal, QC H2V 2S9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Douglas W.","family":"Woods","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierre","family":"Blanchet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche de l\u2019Institut Universitaire en Sant\u00e9 Mentale de Montr\u00e9al, Montreal, QC H1N 3V2, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Stomatology, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3037-3890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marc E.","family":"Lavoie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche de l\u2019Institut Universitaire en Sant\u00e9 Mentale de Montr\u00e9al, Montreal, QC H1N 3V2, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Social Sciences, Literature and Communication, Universit\u00e9 T\u00c9LUQ, Montreal, QC G1K 9H6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7735-0330","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julie B.","family":"Leclerc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec \u00e0 Montr\u00e9al, Montreal, QC H2X 3P2, Canada"},{"name":"Centre de Recherche du Centre Int\u00e9gr\u00e9 Universitaire de Sant\u00e9 et de Services Sociaux (CIUSSS) du Nord-de-l\u2019\u00cele-de-Montr\u00e9al, Montreal, QC H1E 1A4, Canada"},{"name":"Centre de Recherche de l\u2019Institut Universitaire en Sant\u00e9 Mentale de Montr\u00e9al, Montreal, QC H1N 3V2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2022). 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