{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T13:07:38Z","timestamp":1770815258231,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,25]],"date-time":"2024-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714003200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Department of Defense Gulf War Illness Research Program (GWIRP)","award":["W81XWH-20-1-0579"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W81XWH-20-1-0579"]}]},{"name":"Department of Defense Gulf War Illness Research Program (GWIRP)","award":["I01 CX002015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["I01 CX002015"]}]},{"name":"Department of Defense Gulf War Illness Research Program (GWIRP)","award":["I01 BX004893"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["I01 BX004893"]}]},{"name":"Department of Defense Gulf War Illness Research Program (GWIRP)","award":["I21 RX003883"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["I21 RX003883"]}]},{"name":"Department of Defense Gulf War Illness Research Program (GWIRP)","award":["W81XWH-20-1-0820"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W81XWH-20-1-0820"]}]},{"name":"Department of Defense Gulf War Illness Research Program (GWIRP)","award":["U01 EY034686"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 EY034686"]}]},{"name":"Department of Defense Gulf War Illness Research Program (GWIRP)","award":["U24EY035102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U24EY035102"]}]},{"name":"Department of Defense Gulf War Illness Research Program (GWIRP)","award":["R33EY032468"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R33EY032468"]}]},{"name":"Department of Defense Gulf War Illness Research Program (GWIRP)","award":["P30EY014801"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30EY014801"]}]},{"name":"Department of Defense Gulf War Illness Research Program (GWIRP)","award":["GR004596-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GR004596-1"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000738","name":"Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Health Administration, Office of Research and Development, Clinical Sciences R&amp;D (CSRD)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["W81XWH-20-1-0579"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W81XWH-20-1-0579"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000738","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000738","name":"Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Health Administration, Office of Research and Development, Clinical Sciences R&amp;D (CSRD)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["I01 CX002015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["I01 CX002015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000738","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000738","name":"Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Health Administration, Office of Research and Development, Clinical Sciences R&amp;D (CSRD)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["I01 BX004893"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["I01 BX004893"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000738","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000738","name":"Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Health Administration, Office of Research and Development, Clinical Sciences R&amp;D (CSRD)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["I21 RX003883"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["I21 RX003883"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000738","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000738","name":"Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Health Administration, Office of Research and Development, Clinical Sciences R&amp;D (CSRD)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["W81XWH-20-1-0820"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W81XWH-20-1-0820"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000738","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000738","name":"Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Health Administration, Office of Research and Development, Clinical Sciences R&amp;D (CSRD)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01 EY034686"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 EY034686"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000738","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000738","name":"Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Health Administration, Office of Research and Development, Clinical Sciences R&amp;D (CSRD)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U24EY035102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U24EY035102"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000738","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000738","name":"Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Health Administration, Office of Research and Development, Clinical Sciences R&amp;D (CSRD)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R33EY032468"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R33EY032468"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000738","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000738","name":"Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Health Administration, Office of Research and Development, Clinical Sciences R&amp;D (CSRD)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30EY014801"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30EY014801"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000738","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000738","name":"Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Health Administration, Office of Research and Development, Clinical Sciences R&amp;D (CSRD)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GR004596-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GR004596-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000738","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000738","name":"Biomedical Laboratory R&amp;D (BLRD) Service","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["W81XWH-20-1-0579"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W81XWH-20-1-0579"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000738","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000738","name":"Biomedical Laboratory R&amp;D (BLRD) Service","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["I01 CX002015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["I01 CX002015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000738","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000738","name":"Biomedical Laboratory R&amp;D (BLRD) Service","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["I01 BX004893"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["I01 BX004893"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000738","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000738","name":"Biomedical Laboratory R&amp;D (BLRD) Service","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["I21 RX003883"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["I21 RX003883"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000738","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000738","name":"Biomedical Laboratory R&amp;D (BLRD) Service","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["W81XWH-20-1-0820"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W81XWH-20-1-0820"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000738","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000738","name":"Biomedical Laboratory R&amp;D (BLRD) Service","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01 EY034686"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 EY034686"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000738","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000738","name":"Biomedical Laboratory R&amp;D (BLRD) Service","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U24EY035102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U24EY035102"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000738","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000738","name":"Biomedical Laboratory R&amp;D (BLRD) Service","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R33EY032468"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R33EY032468"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000738","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000738","name":"Biomedical Laboratory R&amp;D (BLRD) Service","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30EY014801"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30EY014801"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000738","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000738","name":"Biomedical Laboratory R&amp;D (BLRD) Service","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GR004596-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GR004596-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000738","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000738","name":"Rehabilitation R&amp;D (RRD)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["W81XWH-20-1-0579"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W81XWH-20-1-0579"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000738","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000738","name":"Rehabilitation R&amp;D (RRD)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["I01 CX002015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["I01 CX002015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000738","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000738","name":"Rehabilitation R&amp;D (RRD)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["I01 BX004893"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["I01 BX004893"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000738","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000738","name":"Rehabilitation R&amp;D (RRD)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["I21 RX003883"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["I21 RX003883"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000738","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000738","name":"Rehabilitation R&amp;D (RRD)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["W81XWH-20-1-0820"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W81XWH-20-1-0820"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000738","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000738","name":"Rehabilitation R&amp;D (RRD)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01 EY034686"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 EY034686"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000738","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000738","name":"Rehabilitation R&amp;D (RRD)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U24EY035102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U24EY035102"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000738","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000738","name":"Rehabilitation R&amp;D (RRD)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R33EY032468"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R33EY032468"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000738","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000738","name":"Rehabilitation R&amp;D (RRD)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30EY014801"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30EY014801"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000738","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000738","name":"Rehabilitation R&amp;D (RRD)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GR004596-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GR004596-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000738","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Department of Defense Vision Research Program (VRP)","award":["W81XWH-20-1-0579"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W81XWH-20-1-0579"]}]},{"name":"Department of Defense Vision Research Program (VRP)","award":["I01 CX002015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["I01 CX002015"]}]},{"name":"Department of Defense Vision Research Program (VRP)","award":["I01 BX004893"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["I01 BX004893"]}]},{"name":"Department of Defense Vision Research Program (VRP)","award":["I21 RX003883"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["I21 RX003883"]}]},{"name":"Department of Defense Vision Research Program (VRP)","award":["W81XWH-20-1-0820"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W81XWH-20-1-0820"]}]},{"name":"Department of Defense Vision Research Program (VRP)","award":["U01 EY034686"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 EY034686"]}]},{"name":"Department of Defense Vision Research Program (VRP)","award":["U24EY035102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U24EY035102"]}]},{"name":"Department of Defense Vision Research Program (VRP)","award":["R33EY032468"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R33EY032468"]}]},{"name":"Department of Defense Vision Research Program (VRP)","award":["P30EY014801"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30EY014801"]}]},{"name":"Department of Defense Vision Research Program (VRP)","award":["GR004596-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GR004596-1"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"National Eye Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["W81XWH-20-1-0579"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W81XWH-20-1-0579"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"National Eye Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["I01 CX002015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["I01 CX002015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"National Eye Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["I01 BX004893"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["I01 BX004893"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"National Eye Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["I21 RX003883"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["I21 RX003883"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"National Eye Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["W81XWH-20-1-0820"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W81XWH-20-1-0820"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"National Eye Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01 EY034686"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 EY034686"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"National Eye Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U24EY035102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U24EY035102"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"National Eye Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R33EY032468"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R33EY032468"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"National Eye Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30EY014801"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30EY014801"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"National Eye Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GR004596-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GR004596-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"NIH Center Core Grant","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["W81XWH-20-1-0579"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W81XWH-20-1-0579"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"NIH Center Core Grant","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["I01 CX002015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["I01 CX002015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"NIH Center Core Grant","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["I01 BX004893"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["I01 BX004893"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"NIH Center Core Grant","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["I21 RX003883"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["I21 RX003883"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"NIH Center Core Grant","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["W81XWH-20-1-0820"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W81XWH-20-1-0820"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"NIH Center Core Grant","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01 EY034686"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 EY034686"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"NIH Center Core Grant","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U24EY035102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U24EY035102"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"NIH Center Core Grant","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R33EY032468"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R33EY032468"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"NIH Center Core Grant","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30EY014801"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30EY014801"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"NIH Center Core Grant","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GR004596-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GR004596-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Research to Prevent Blindness Unrestricted Grant","award":["W81XWH-20-1-0579"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W81XWH-20-1-0579"]}]},{"name":"Research to Prevent Blindness Unrestricted Grant","award":["I01 CX002015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["I01 CX002015"]}]},{"name":"Research to Prevent Blindness Unrestricted Grant","award":["I01 BX004893"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["I01 BX004893"]}]},{"name":"Research to Prevent Blindness Unrestricted Grant","award":["I21 RX003883"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["I21 RX003883"]}]},{"name":"Research to Prevent Blindness Unrestricted Grant","award":["W81XWH-20-1-0820"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W81XWH-20-1-0820"]}]},{"name":"Research to Prevent Blindness Unrestricted Grant","award":["U01 EY034686"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 EY034686"]}]},{"name":"Research to Prevent Blindness Unrestricted Grant","award":["U24EY035102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U24EY035102"]}]},{"name":"Research to Prevent Blindness Unrestricted Grant","award":["R33EY032468"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R33EY032468"]}]},{"name":"Research to Prevent Blindness Unrestricted Grant","award":["P30EY014801"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30EY014801"]}]},{"name":"Research to Prevent Blindness Unrestricted Grant","award":["GR004596-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GR004596-1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: We evaluate the relationship between corneal nerve structure and function in a veteran population. Methods: 83 veterans (mean age: 55 \u00b1 5 years) seen at the Miami Veterans Affairs (VA) eye clinic were included in this study. Each individual filled out questionnaires to evaluate ocular symptoms (5-Item Dry Eye Questionnaire, DEQ5; Ocular Surface Disease Index, OSDI) and ocular pain (Numerical Rating Scale, NRS; Neuropathic Pain Symptom Inventory modified for the Eye, NPSI-Eye). The individuals also underwent an ocular surface examination that captured functional nerve tests including corneal sensation, corneal staining, and the Schirmer test for tear production. Corneal sub-basal nerve analysis was conducted using in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM) images with corneal nerve density, length, area, width, and fractal dimension captured. IVCM and functional corneal metrics from the right eye were examined using correlational and linear regression analysis. Results: Most corneal structural metrics were not related to functional metrics, except for weak correlations between various IVCM metrics and tear production. In addition, corneal nerve fiber area was positively related to corneal sensation (r = 0.3, p = 0.01). On linear regression analyses, only the corneal fractal dimension remained significantly related to tear production (\u03b2 = \u22120.26, p = 0.02) and only the corneal nerve fiber area remained significantly related to corneal sensation (\u03b2 = 0.3, p = 0.01). Conclusions: Most corneal nerve structural metrics did not relate to functional metrics in our veteran population, apart from a few weak correlations between structural metrics and tear production. This suggests that using corneal nerve anatomy alone may be insufficient for predicting corneal function.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13092513","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,25]],"date-time":"2024-04-25T05:26:13Z","timestamp":1714022773000},"page":"2513","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Associations between Corneal Nerve Structure and Function in a Veteran Population"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Ayoubi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Surgical and Research Services, Miami Veterans Administration Medical Center, 1201 NW 16th Street, Miami, FL 33125, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2385-5568","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kimberly","family":"Cabrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Surgical and Research Services, Miami Veterans Administration Medical Center, 1201 NW 16th Street, Miami, FL 33125, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elyana VT","family":"Locatelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Surgical and Research Services, Miami Veterans Administration Medical Center, 1201 NW 16th Street, Miami, FL 33125, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6239-715X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth R.","family":"Felix","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Surgical and Research Services, Miami Veterans Administration Medical Center, 1201 NW 16th Street, Miami, FL 33125, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3026-6155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anat","family":"Galor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Surgical and Research Services, Miami Veterans Administration Medical Center, 1201 NW 16th Street, Miami, FL 33125, USA"},{"name":"Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 900 NW 17th Street, Miami, FL 33136, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_646_17","article-title":"Anatomy of cornea and ocular surface","volume":"66","author":"Sridhar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"13","article-title":"Corneal Innervation and Sensation: The Eye and Beyond","volume":"91","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Yale J. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2017.05.008","article-title":"TFOS DEWS II Definition and Classification Report","volume":"15","author":"Craig","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ocul. Surf."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-4835(03)00050-2","article-title":"Corneal nerves: Structure, contents and function","volume":"76","author":"Muller","year":"2003","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Cello, L., Pellegrini, M., Vagge, A., Borselli, M., Ferro Desideri, L., Scorcia, V., and Giannaccare, G. (2021). Advances in the Noninvasive Diagnosis of Dry Eye Disease. Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app112110384"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kundu, G., Shetty, R., D\u2019Souza, S., Khamar, P., Nuijts, R., Sethu, S., and Roy, A.S. (2022). A novel combination of corneal confocal microscopy, clinical features and artificial intelligence for evaluation of ocular surface pain. PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0277086"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4926","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-8708","article-title":"The relationship between subbasal nerve morphology and corneal sensation in ocular surface disease","volume":"53","author":"Labbe","year":"2012","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108284","article-title":"Corneal Nerve Abnormalities in Ocular and Systemic Diseases","volume":"202","author":"Patel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2532","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.19-26914","article-title":"Dysregulated Tear Fluid Nociception-Associated Factors, Corneal Dendritic Cell Density, and Vitamin D Levels in Evaporative Dry Eye","volume":"60","author":"Khamar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.13924","article-title":"Can in vivo confocal microscopy differentiate between sub-types of dry eye disease? A review","volume":"49","author":"Hwang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2017.05.003","article-title":"TFOS DEWS II Epidemiology Report","volume":"15","author":"Stapleton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ocul. Surf."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.15-18133","article-title":"Corneal Mechanical Thresholds Negatively Associate With Dry Eye and Ocular Pain Symptoms","volume":"57","author":"Spierer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2341","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.04-1426","article-title":"Decreased corneal sensitivity in patients with dry eye","volume":"46","author":"Bourcier","year":"2005","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(03)00897-3","article-title":"Corneal epitheliopathy of dry eye induces hyperesthesia to mechanical air jet stimulation","volume":"137","author":"Pflugfelder","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x","article-title":"The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure","volume":"16","author":"Kroenke","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Gen. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1002\/da.20837","article-title":"Synthesis of the psychometric properties of the PTSD checklist (PCL) military, civilian, and specific versions","volume":"28","author":"Wilkins","year":"2011","journal-title":"Depress. Anxiety"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1037\/a0027890","article-title":"Comparison of the psychometric properties of two fatigue scales in multiple sclerosis","volume":"57","author":"Amtmann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rehabil. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(89)90047-4","article-title":"The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: A new instrument for psychiatric practice and research","volume":"28","author":"Buysse","year":"1989","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.118.5.615","article-title":"Reliability and validity of the Ocular Surface Disease Index","volume":"118","author":"Schiffman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2009.12.010","article-title":"Validation of the 5-Item Dry Eye Questionnaire (DEQ-5): Discrimination across self-assessed severity and aqueous tear deficient dry eye diagnoses","volume":"33","author":"Chalmers","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cont. Lens Anterior Eye"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1515\/sjpain-2018-0012","article-title":"The validity of pain intensity measures: What do the NRS, VAS, VRS, and FPS-R measure?","volume":"18","author":"Thong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Scand. J. Pain."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001552","article-title":"Modification of the Neuropathic Pain Symptom Inventory for use in eye pain (NPSI-Eye)","volume":"160","author":"Farhangi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2015.10.004","article-title":"The Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 Point-of-Care Test in Dry Eye","volume":"14","author":"Lanza","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ocul. Surf."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"221","article-title":"Report of the National Eye Institute\/Industry workshop on Clinical Trials in Dry Eyes","volume":"21","author":"Lemp","year":"1995","journal-title":"CLAO J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2071","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-13787","article-title":"Rapid automated diagnosis of diabetic peripheral neuropathy with in vivo corneal confocal microscopy","volume":"55","author":"Petropoulos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-018-04225-7","article-title":"In vivo confocal microscopy morphometric analysis of corneal subbasal nerve plexus in dry eye disease using newly developed fully automated system","volume":"257","author":"Giannaccare","year":"2019","journal-title":"Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1080\/02713683.2019.1623899","article-title":"Longitudinal Morphometric Analysis of Sub-Basal Nerve Plexus in Contralateral Eyes of Patients with Unilateral Neurotrophic Keratitis","volume":"44","author":"Giannaccare","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.9.9.43","article-title":"The Utility of Corneal Nerve Fractal Dimension Analysis in Peripheral Neuropathies of Different Etiology","volume":"9","author":"Petropoulos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl. Vis. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.316.7139.1236","article-title":"What\u2019s wrong with Bonferroni adjustments","volume":"316","author":"Perneger","year":"1998","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences, Routledge. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e318193e0e3","article-title":"Corneal sensitivity and slit scanning in vivo confocal microscopy of the subbasal nerve plexus of the normal central and peripheral human cornea","volume":"28","author":"Patel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"2915","article-title":"Corneal structure and sensitivity in type 1 diabetes mellitus","volume":"41","author":"Rosenberg","year":"2000","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5144","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-12370","article-title":"Corneal nerve structure and function in patients with non-sjogren dry eye: Clinical correlations","volume":"54","author":"Labbe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.12898","article-title":"Increased corneal sub-basal nerve density in patients with Sjogren syndrome treated with topical cyclosporine A","volume":"45","author":"Levy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2022.07.003","article-title":"In vivo confocal microscopic study of corneal innervation in Sjogren\u2019s Syndrome with or without small fiber neuropathy","volume":"25","author":"Luzu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ocul. Surf."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e076932","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-076932","article-title":"Relationship between ocular surface pain and corneal nerve loss in dry eye diabetics: A cross-sectional study in Shenyang, China","volume":"13","author":"Qin","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.13186","article-title":"The impact of dry eye disease on corneal nerve parameters: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"43","author":"Chiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol. Opt."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001381","article-title":"Structural, functional, and symptom relations in painful distal symmetric polyneuropathies: A systematic review","volume":"160","author":"Karlsson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2016.09.004","article-title":"In Vivo Confocal Microscopy of Corneal Nerves in Health and Disease","volume":"15","author":"Cruzat","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ocul. Surf."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/13\/9\/2513\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:33:39Z","timestamp":1760106819000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/13\/9\/2513"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,25]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm13092513"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm13092513","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,25]]}}}