{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T04:07:57Z","timestamp":1792814877257,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":132,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,27]],"date-time":"2024-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714176000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Medicine and Pharmacy \u201cIuliu Hatieganu\u201d Cluj Napoca","award":["246\/80\/17.01.2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["246\/80\/17.01.2020"]}]},{"name":"University of Medicine and Pharmacy \u201cIuliu Hatieganu\u201d Cluj Napoca","award":["1033\/72\/13.01.2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1033\/72\/13.01.2021"]}]},{"name":"Romanian Academy of Scientists 2023\u20132024","award":["246\/80\/17.01.2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["246\/80\/17.01.2020"]}]},{"name":"Romanian Academy of Scientists 2023\u20132024","award":["1033\/72\/13.01.2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1033\/72\/13.01.2021"]}]},{"name":"Romanian Research Ministry PNRR 2024-2026","award":["246\/80\/17.01.2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["246\/80\/17.01.2020"]}]},{"name":"Romanian Research Ministry PNRR 2024-2026","award":["1033\/72\/13.01.2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1033\/72\/13.01.2021"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Erythropoiesis is initiated with the transformation of multipotent hematopoietic stem cells into committed erythroid progenitor cells in the erythroblastic islands of the bone marrow in adults. These cells undergo several stages of differentiation, including erythroblast formation, normoblast formation, and finally, the expulsion of the nucleus to form mature red blood cells. The erythropoietin (EPO) pathway, which is activated by hypoxia, induces stimulation of the erythroid progenitor cells and the promotion of their proliferation and survival as well as maturation and hemoglobin synthesis. The regulation of erythropoiesis is a complex and dynamic interaction of a myriad of factors, such as transcription factors (GATA-1, STAT5), cytokines (IL-3, IL-6, IL-11), iron metabolism and cell cycle regulators. Multiple microRNAs are involved in erythropoiesis, mediating cell growth and development, regulating oxidative stress, erythrocyte maturation and differentiation, hemoglobin synthesis, transferrin function and iron homeostasis. This review aims to explore the physiology of steady-state erythropoiesis and to outline key mechanisms involved in ineffective erythropoiesis linked to anemia, chronic inflammation, stress, and hematological malignancies. Studying aberrations in erythropoiesis in various diseases allows a more in-depth understanding of the heterogeneity within erythroid populations and the development of gene therapies to treat hematological disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13092585","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,29]],"date-time":"2024-04-29T08:49:24Z","timestamp":1714380564000},"page":"2585","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["A Review of Key Regulators of Steady-State and Ineffective Erythropoiesis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7638-343X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ioana","family":"\u021aichil","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy \u201cIuliu Hatieganu\u201d, 8 Victor Babes Street, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Haematology, \u201cIon Chiricuta\u201d Institute of Oncology, 34\u201336 Republicii Street, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ileana","family":"Mitre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy \u201cIuliu Hatieganu\u201d, 8 Victor Babes Street, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9461-987X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mihnea Tudor","family":"Zdrenghea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy \u201cIuliu Hatieganu\u201d, 8 Victor Babes Street, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Haematology, \u201cIon Chiricuta\u201d Institute of Oncology, 34\u201336 Republicii Street, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anca Simona","family":"Bojan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy \u201cIuliu Hatieganu\u201d, 8 Victor Babes Street, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Haematology, \u201cIon Chiricuta\u201d Institute of Oncology, 34\u201336 Republicii Street, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5500-1519","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ciprian Ionu\u021b","family":"Tomuleasa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy \u201cIuliu Hatieganu\u201d, 8 Victor Babes Street, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Haematology, \u201cIon Chiricuta\u201d Institute of Oncology, 34\u201336 Republicii Street, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"MEDFUTURE\u2014Research Centre for Advanced Medicine, 8 Louis Pasteur Street, 400347 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Cenariu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy \u201cIuliu Hatieganu\u201d, 8 Victor Babes Street, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"MEDFUTURE\u2014Research Centre for Advanced Medicine, 8 Louis Pasteur Street, 400347 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1097\/MOH.0000000000000234","article-title":"Metabolic regulation of hematopoietic stem cell commitment and erythroid differentiation","volume":"23","author":"Oburoglu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. 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