{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T20:46:51Z","timestamp":1771102011579,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,29]],"date-time":"2024-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714348800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: Epidemiological studies have demonstrated the potential oncogenic effects of cumulative radiation exposure, particularly during childhood. One group experiencing repeated exposure to radiation at an early age for multiple years is patients treated for idiopathic scoliosis (IS). This study aimed to determine the relationship between childhood radiological exposure and adult cancer prevalence in children treated for IS. Materials and\u00a0Methods: Data from 337 predominantly female patients treated at our hospital between January 1981 and January 1995 were gathered and compared to the Dutch national cancer rates. The standardized prevalence ratios for cancer in IS patients were compared with the cancer prevalence rates from the general Dutch population. Results: The overall cancer prevalence in women was 5.0%, with no significant difference compared to the general population (p = 0.425). The results of this study do not suggest that female patients treated for idiopathic scoliosis during childhood have an increased risk of cancer later in life. Conclusion: Despite being the largest recent study in its field, the modest participant number limits its ability to draw conclusions. However, the detailed data collected over a long observation period, alongside data from a period with comparable radiation rates, contributes to refining clinical practice and laying the groundwork for future systematic reviews.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13092616","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,29]],"date-time":"2024-04-29T10:33:36Z","timestamp":1714386816000},"page":"2616","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The Prevalence of Cancer in Dutch Female Patients with Idiopathic Scoliosis Compared with the General Population"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8541-3899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reinout R. O.","family":"Heijboer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, OLVG, 1091 AC Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6840-4851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johan L.","family":"Heemskerk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, OLVG, 1091 AC Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sigrid N. W.","family":"Vorrink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, OLVG, 1091 AC Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Diederik H. R.","family":"Kempen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, OLVG, 1091 AC Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Amsterdam University Medical Center, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.2307\/3579360","article-title":"Breast cancer mortality between 1950 and 1987 after exposure to fractionated moderate-dose-rate ionizing radiation in the Canadian fluoroscopy cohort study and a comparison with breast cancer mortality in the atomic bomb survivors study","volume":"145","author":"Howe","year":"1996","journal-title":"Radiat Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1667\/RR1801.1","article-title":"Ionizing Radiation and Leukemia Mortality among Japanese Atomic Bomb Survivors, 1950\u20132000","volume":"172","author":"Richardson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Radiat. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A43","DOI":"10.1088\/0952-4746\/29\/2A\/S04","article-title":"Cancer and non-cancer effects in Japanese atomic bomb survivors","volume":"29","author":"Little","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Radiol. Prot."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"1","article-title":"Low-dose extrapolation of radiation-related cancer risk","volume":"35","author":"Valentin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann. ICRP"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1559325820957797","DOI":"10.1177\/1559325820957797","article-title":"5 Reasons Why Scoliosis X-rays Are Not Harmful","volume":"18","author":"Oakley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dose Response"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"National Research Council (US) Board on Radiation Effects Research (1998). Health Risks from Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation: BEIR VII, Phase I, Letter Report (1998), National Academies Press."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"43","article-title":"Scoliosis prevalence: A call for a statement of terms","volume":"126","author":"Kane","year":"1977","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s11832-012-0457-4","article-title":"Epidemiology of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"7","author":"Konieczny","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Child. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1330","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199609000-00006","article-title":"Late-onset idiopathic scoliosis in children six to fourteen years old. A cross-sectional prevalence study","volume":"78","author":"Stirling","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2052","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200008150-00009","article-title":"Breast cancer mortality after diagnostic radiography: Findings from the U.S. Scoliosis Cohort Study","volume":"25","author":"Doody","year":"2000","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1540","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199607010-00011","article-title":"Reducing the lifetime risk of cancer from spinal radiographs among people with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"21","author":"Levy","year":"1996","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3366","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-016-4747-2","article-title":"Incidence of cancer in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients treated 25 years previously","volume":"25","author":"Simony","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Spine J."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-7161-9-4","article-title":"SOSORT 2012 consensus paper: Reducing X-ray exposure in pediatric patients with scoliosis","volume":"9","author":"Knott","year":"2014","journal-title":"Scoliosis"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1097\/01241398-200003000-00023","article-title":"The risk of carcinogenesis from radiographs to pediatric orthopaedic patients","volume":"20","author":"Bone","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/81.17.1307","article-title":"Breast cancer in women with scoliosis exposed to multiple diagnostic X rays","volume":"81","author":"Hoffman","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-197961030-00009","article-title":"Risks of exposure to X-rays in patients undergoing long-term treatment for scoliosis","volume":"61","author":"Nash","year":"1979","journal-title":"J Bone Jt. Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-07-2628","article-title":"Multiple diagnostic X-rays for spine deformities and risk of breast cancer","volume":"17","author":"Ronckers","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1097\/00004032-199406000-00002","article-title":"Projecting the lifetime risk of cancer from exposure to diagnostic ionizing radiation for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"66","author":"Levy","year":"1994","journal-title":"Health Phys."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-018-5561-9","article-title":"Lowered dose full-spine radiography in pediatric patients with idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"27","author":"Ernst","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Spine J."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1614","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2012-0272","article-title":"Theoretical breast cancer induction risk from thoracic spine CT in female pediatric trauma patients","volume":"130","author":"Egan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jansen, L., Dubois, B.F.H., and Hollmann, M.W. (2022). The Effect of Propofol versus Inhalation Anesthetics on Survival after Oncological Surgery. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11226741"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Springvloet, L., Bommel\u00e9, J., Willemsen, M., and van Laar, M. (2024, February 24). Health Survey\/Lifestyle Monitor, Statistics Netherlands (CBS), in Collaboration with National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) and Trimbos Institute, 2017. English Report. Available online: https:\/\/www.trimbos.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2021\/09\/af1636-smoking-in-the-netherlands-key-statistics-2017.pdf."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S17","DOI":"10.2307\/3578892","article-title":"Cancer incidence in atomic bomb survivors. Part II: Solid tumors, 1958\u20131987","volume":"137","author":"Thompson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Radiat. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.20939","article-title":"Nonmelanoma skin cancer in relation to ionizing radiation exposure among U.S. radiologic technologists","volume":"115","author":"Yoshinaga","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(2007). The 2007 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection. ICRP publication 103. Ann. ICRP, 37, 1\u2013332.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icrp.2008.07.001"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2014.01.039","article-title":"Reducing radiation exposure in early-onset scoliosis surgery patients: Novel use of ultrasonography to measure lengthening in magnetically-controlled growing rods","volume":"14","author":"Stokes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Spine J. Off. J. N. Am. Spine Soc."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000002787","article-title":"Dose Reduction Protocol for Full Spine X-ray Examination Using Copper Filters in Patients with Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis","volume":"44","author":"Minehiro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1007\/s13244-014-0354-0","article-title":"Idiopathic scoliosis in children and adolescents: Assessment with a biplanar X-ray device","volume":"5","author":"Uyttenhove","year":"2014","journal-title":"Insights Imaging"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-015-3960-8","article-title":"EOS microdose protocol for the radiological follow-up of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"25","author":"Ilharreborde","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Spine J."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/13\/9\/2616\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:36:15Z","timestamp":1760106975000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/13\/9\/2616"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,29]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm13092616"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm13092616","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,29]]}}}