{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T12:56:43Z","timestamp":1792155403020,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,29]],"date-time":"2024-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714348800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The use of electronic cigarettes has become increasingly popular in recent years. However, the impact that electronic cigarettes have on the ocular surface is not well known. Therefore, the aim of this review is to explore the current literature on the acute and chronic sequelae of electronic cigarettes on the ocular surface. Methods: A systematic review of the literature was undertaken by keyword searching on the Embase, Medline, and Web of Science databases. Articles identified through the search underwent title\/abstract screening, full-text screening, and data extraction. Results: A total of 18 studies were included in this review. Non-intended ocular surface exposures and intended exposures on the ocular surface were found to be associated with the use of electronic cigarettes. Conclusions: The impact of vaping on the ocular surface is not benign. There are significant risks that vaping can pose to the ocular surface. Hence, it is necessary to develop appropriate risk communication tools given the increasing popularity of this activity. Additionally, future long-term studies are needed to better understand the long-term impacts of vaping on the ocular surface given the lack of current data.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13092619","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,29]],"date-time":"2024-04-29T10:33:36Z","timestamp":1714386816000},"page":"2619","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["The Impact of Vaping on the Ocular Surface: A Systematic Review of the Literature"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Nilanga Aki","family":"Bandara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UBC Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Burgos-Blasco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UBC Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vancouver, BC V5Z 3N9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuan Randy","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vagelos School of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York City, NY 10027, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amar","family":"Khaira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UBC Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vancouver, BC V5Z 3N9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alfonso","family":"Iovieno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UBC Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vancouver, BC V5Z 3N9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanne A.","family":"Matsubara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UBC Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vancouver, BC V5Z 3N9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1197-8026","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sonia N.","family":"Yeung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UBC Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vancouver, BC V5Z 3N9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-021-00556-7","article-title":"Estimation of the global number of e-cigarette users in 2020","volume":"18","author":"Stimson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Harm Reduct. 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