{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T00:01:48Z","timestamp":1787702508712,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]],"date-time":"2024-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714608000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education","award":["501-1-019-56-23"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["501-1-019-56-23"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Hormonal changes during pregnancy have a substantial effect on the swelling of the mucous membrane in the nasal cavity, resulting in rhinitis and Eustachian tube dysfunction. The aim of the study was to assess subjective and objective changes in nasal cavity and Eustachian tube patency in the third trimester of pregnancy. Materials and Methods: The study group included fifty 18\u201341 year-old women in the third trimester of pregnancy. The control group consisted of 25 females aged 25 to 31 who were not pregnant. The Eustachian tube and nasal cavity patency examination was carried out using a rhinomanometer, a tympanometer and a SNOT-22 Questionnaire. Results: The SNOT-22 showed that subjective nasal obstruction was assessed as strong or worse by 42% of the study group, which was significantly higher than in the control group and confirmed with rhinomanometry. A total of 68% of the study group reported a subjective ear fullness which correlated with the week of pregnancy. The tympanometry showed that all pregnant women exhibited a type A tympanogram, but tympanometry values decreased at higher weeks of pregnancy, and statistical analysis confirmed a significant difference between the study group and the control group in tympanometry for both ears. Conclusions: The results highlight the substantial impact on both subjective and objective measurements of nasal and Eustachian tube patency. Almost every woman in the third trimester of pregnancy experiences nasal obstruction, and nearly 70% struggle with ear fullness. Recognizing and addressing these challenges are pivotal for ensuring the well-being of pregnant individuals and enhancing the quality of antenatal care.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13092671","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]],"date-time":"2024-05-02T03:57:56Z","timestamp":1714622276000},"page":"2671","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Objective Measurements of Nasal Obstruction and Eustachian Tube Function in Pregnant Women"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Alicja","family":"Grajczyk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Collegium Medicum, Faculty of Medicine, Cardinal Stefan Wyszy\u0144ski University, Mi\u0119dzylesie Specialist Hospital, 01-938 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krystyna","family":"Sobczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Marymoncka 99\/103, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justyna","family":"Zarzecka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology and Obsetrics, Collegium Medicum, Faculty of Medicine, Cardinal Stefan Wyszy\u0144ski University, Mi\u0119dzylesie Specialist Hospital, 01-938 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1289-9442","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ewa","family":"Barcz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology and Obsetrics, Collegium Medicum, Faculty of Medicine, Cardinal Stefan Wyszy\u0144ski University, Mi\u0119dzylesie Specialist Hospital, 01-938 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4211-7664","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karolina","family":"D\u017caman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Marymoncka 99\/103, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1007\/s12070-011-0376-6","article-title":"ENT Changes of Pregnancy and Its Management","volume":"66","author":"Sherlie","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indian J. 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