{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T21:50:13Z","timestamp":1782769813354,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,9]],"date-time":"2024-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715212800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are prone to develop infections. Methods: Accordingly, 195 untreated early (e)RA patients and 398 healthy controls were selected from women in Tatarstan\u2019s cohort to study infectious history in the anamnesis (four criteria) and in the previous year (16 criteria). Information about annual infections was collected face-to-face from year to year by a qualified rheumatologist\/general practitioner and included the active use of information from medical records. Results: In the anamnesis, tuberculosis, and pneumonia, and in the previous year, respiratory tract infections, skin infections, and herpes simplex virus reactivation incidence were reported to be increased in eRA patients, as well as the event number and duration of acute and chronic tonsillitis. Moreover, more bacterial-suspected upper respiratory infections and urinary tract infections were retrieved in sporadic eRA patients as compared to familial eRA patients. An elevated immunization against CCP prevented respiratory tract infection in those with HSV exacerbation. Finally, associations were retrieved between infection (event number\/delay) and RA indices: (i) chronic tonsillitis exacerbations with disease activity and health assessment (HAQ) in familial eRA; (ii) bacterial-suspected upper respiratory infections with the number of swollen and tender joints in sporadic eRA; and (iii) HSV exacerbation with inflammation in eRA patients with negative\/low response against CCP. Here, we demonstrate the complex nature of the interplay of RA with specific infections. Conclusions: For the first time, differences in the patterns of annual trivial infections and their links with RA indices were found in cohorts of familial and sporadic cases of the disease. Additionally, for the first time, we identified a remarkable relationship between early RA and exacerbations of chronic tonsillitis, as well as tuberculosis in the patient\u2019s history. Altogether, this study supports the existence of a complex interplay between infections and RA at onset driven by familial status and the presence of anti-CCP Ab at elevated levels.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13102796","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,9]],"date-time":"2024-05-09T10:31:16Z","timestamp":1715250676000},"page":"2796","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["At Early Rheumatoid Arthritis Stage, the Infectious Spectrum Is Driven by Non-Familial Factors and Anti-CCP Immunization"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0584-446X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina I.","family":"Arleevskaya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Research Laboratory, Kazan State Medical Academy, 420012 Kazan, Russia"},{"name":"Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7678-6738","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrej A.","family":"Novikov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Innopolis University, 420500 Innopolis, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5218-9341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna R.","family":"Valeeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Research Laboratory, Kazan State Medical Academy, 420012 Kazan, Russia"},{"name":"Institute of Environmental Sciences, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2307-928X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina O.","family":"Korovina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Research Laboratory, Kazan State Medical Academy, 420012 Kazan, Russia"},{"name":"Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9890-3755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Igor L.","family":"Serdiuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Research Laboratory, Kazan State Medical Academy, 420012 Kazan, Russia"},{"name":"Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8115-1630","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vladimir A.","family":"Popov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physics, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Carl\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, H\u00f4spital Purpan, INSERM U1291, CNRS U5051, Universit\u00e9 Toulouse IIII, 31062 Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5098-5002","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yves","family":"Renaudineau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, H\u00f4spital Purpan, INSERM U1291, CNRS U5051, Universit\u00e9 Toulouse IIII, 31062 Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtauto.2021.100119","article-title":"Causal risk and protective factors in rheumatoid arthritis: A genetic update","volume":"4","author":"Arleevskaya","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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