{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T16:33:56Z","timestamp":1789576436363,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,20]],"date-time":"2024-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716163200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This review examines respiratory complications in autoimmune rheumatic diseases within intensive care units (ICUs). The respiratory system, primarily affected in diseases like rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and scleroderma, often leads to respiratory failure. Common manifestations include alveolar hemorrhage, interstitial fibrosis, and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Early recognition and treatment of non-malignant conditions are crucial to prevent rapid disease progression, with ICU mortality rates ranging from 30% to 60%. Delayed immunosuppressive or antimicrobial therapy may result in organ system failure. Collaboration with rheumatic specialists is vital for accurate diagnosis and immediate intervention. Mortality rates for rheumatic diseases in the ICU surpass those of other conditions, underscoring the need for specialized care and proactive management. The review emphasizes comprehensive assessments, distinguishing disease-related complications from underlying issues, and the importance of vigilant monitoring to enhance patient outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13103008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,20]],"date-time":"2024-05-20T08:20:31Z","timestamp":1716193231000},"page":"3008","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Acute Respiratory Failure in Autoimmune Rheumatic Diseases: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Sofia","family":"Poli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Clinic, Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Pediatrics and Gynecology, University of Verona, 37126 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Sciorio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Clinic, Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Pediatrics and Gynecology, University of Verona, 37126 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giorgio","family":"Piacentini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Clinic, Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Pediatrics and Gynecology, University of Verona, 37126 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9912-3232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angelo","family":"Pietrobelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Clinic, Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Pediatrics and Gynecology, University of Verona, 37126 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9765-8006","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Pecoraro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Clinic, Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Pediatrics and Gynecology, University of Verona, 37126 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Pieropan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Clinic, Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Pediatrics and Gynecology, University of Verona, 37126 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.121.3.990","article-title":"Severe upper airway obstruction from cricoarytenoiditis is the sole presenting manifestation of a systemic lupus erythematosus flare","volume":"121","author":"Karim","year":"2002","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2999","DOI":"10.1002\/art.11393","article-title":"Shrinking lung syndrome in systemic sclerosis","volume":"48","author":"Caporali","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"254","article-title":"An audit of patients with rheumatic disease requiring medical intensive care","volume":"30","author":"Thong","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann. 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