{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T09:48:07Z","timestamp":1789638487414,"version":"4.0.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,23]],"date-time":"2024-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716422400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives: The aim of this meta-analysis was to determine the effects of respiratory muscle training (RMT) on functional ability, pain-related outcomes, and respiratory function in individuals with sub-acute and chronic low back pain (LBP). Methods: The study selection was as follows: (participants) adult individuals with &gt;4 weeks of LBP; (intervention) RMT; (comparison) any comparison RMT (inspiratory or expiratory or mixed) versus control; (outcomes) postural control, lumbar disability, pain-related outcomes, pain-related fear-avoidance beliefs, respiratory muscle function, and pulmonary function; and (study design) randomized controlled trials. Results: 11 studies were included in the meta-analysis showing that RMT produces a statistically significant increase in postural control (mean difference (MD) = 21.71 [12.22; 31.21]; decrease in lumbar disability (standardized mean difference (SMD) = 0.55 [0.001; 1.09]); decrease in lumbar pain intensity (SMD = 0.77 [0.15; 1.38]; increase in expiratory muscle strength (MD = 8.05 [5.34; 10.76]); and increase in forced vital capacity (FVC) (MD = 0.30 [0.03; 0.58]) compared with a control group. However, RMT does not produce an increase in inspiratory muscle strength (MD = 18.36 [\u22121.61; 38.34]) and in forced expiratory volume at the first second (FEV1) (MD = 0.36 [\u22120.02; 0.75]; and in the FEV1\/FVC ratio (MD = 1.55 [\u22125.87; 8.96]) compared with the control group. Conclusions: RMT could improve expiratory muscle strength and FVC, with a moderate quality of evidence, whereas a low quality of evidence suggests that RMT could improve postural control, lumbar disability, and pain intensity in individuals with sub-acute and chronic LBP. However, more studies of high methodological quality are needed to strengthen the results of this meta-analysis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13113053","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,23]],"date-time":"2024-05-23T03:49:03Z","timestamp":1716436143000},"page":"3053","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Effects of Respiratory Muscle Training on Functional Ability, Pain-Related Outcomes, and Respiratory Function in Individuals with Low Back Pain: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6565-4967","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ra\u00fal","family":"Fabero-Garrido","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Rehabilitation and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Podiatry, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza Ram\u00f3n y Cajal n\u00b0 3, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iv\u00e1n","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Marcos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Rehabilitation and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Podiatry, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza Ram\u00f3n y Cajal n\u00b0 3, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3144-5411","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tamara","family":"del Corral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Rehabilitation and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Podiatry, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza Ram\u00f3n y Cajal n\u00b0 3, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria del Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1596-5027","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gustavo","family":"Plaza-Manzano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Rehabilitation and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Podiatry, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza Ram\u00f3n y Cajal n\u00b0 3, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria del Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7474-5257","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ibai","family":"L\u00f3pez-de-Uralde-Villanueva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Rehabilitation and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Podiatry, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza Ram\u00f3n y Cajal n\u00b0 3, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria del Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/s10865-006-9085-0","article-title":"The Fear-Avoidance Model of Musculoskeletal Pain: Current State of Scientific Evidence","volume":"30","author":"Leeuw","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. 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