{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:50:46Z","timestamp":1787028646502,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":123,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,23]],"date-time":"2024-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716422400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005743","name":"Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["D1.2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D1.2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005743","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005743","name":"Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["D1.2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D1.2022"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005743","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005743","name":"Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["D1.2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D1.2023"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005743","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005743","name":"Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DM 1557"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DM 1557"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005743","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"nonprofit research foundation \u201cCentro Studi Achille e Linda Lorenzon\u201d","award":["D1.2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D1.2020"]}]},{"name":"nonprofit research foundation \u201cCentro Studi Achille e Linda Lorenzon\u201d","award":["D1.2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D1.2022"]}]},{"name":"nonprofit research foundation \u201cCentro Studi Achille e Linda Lorenzon\u201d","award":["D1.2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D1.2023"]}]},{"name":"nonprofit research foundation \u201cCentro Studi Achille e Linda Lorenzon\u201d","award":["DM 1557"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DM 1557"]}]},{"name":"Next Generation EU, in the context of the National Recovery and Resilience Plan, Investment PE8\u2014Project Age-It: \u201cAgeing Well in an Ageing Society\u201d","award":["D1.2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D1.2020"]}]},{"name":"Next Generation EU, in the context of the National Recovery and Resilience Plan, Investment PE8\u2014Project Age-It: \u201cAgeing Well in an Ageing Society\u201d","award":["D1.2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D1.2022"]}]},{"name":"Next Generation EU, in the context of the National Recovery and Resilience Plan, Investment PE8\u2014Project Age-It: \u201cAgeing Well in an Ageing Society\u201d","award":["D1.2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D1.2023"]}]},{"name":"Next Generation EU, in the context of the National Recovery and Resilience Plan, Investment PE8\u2014Project Age-It: \u201cAgeing Well in an Ageing Society\u201d","award":["DM 1557"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DM 1557"]}]},{"name":"Next Generation EU","award":["D1.2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D1.2020"]}]},{"name":"Next Generation EU","award":["D1.2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D1.2022"]}]},{"name":"Next Generation EU","award":["D1.2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D1.2023"]}]},{"name":"Next Generation EU","award":["DM 1557"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DM 1557"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), also known as Hughes syndrome, is an acquired autoimmune and procoagulant condition that predisposes individuals to recurrent thrombotic events and obstetric complications. Central is the role of three types of antiphospholipid antibodies that target phospholipid-binding proteins: lupus anticoagulant (LAC), anti-\u03b22-glycoprotein I (\u03b22-GPI-Ab), and anti-cardiolipin (aCL). Together with clinical data, these antibodies are the diagnostic standard. However, the diagnosis of APS in older adults may be challenging and, in the diagnostic workup of thromboembolic complications, it is an underestimated etiology. The therapeutic management of APS requires distinguishing two groups with differential risks of thromboembolic complications. The standard therapy is based on low-dose aspirin in the low-risk group and vitamin K antagonists in the high-risk group. The value of direct oral anticoagulants is currently controversial. The potential role of monoclonal antibodies is investigated. For example, rituximab is currently recommended in catastrophic antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. Research is ongoing on other monoclonal antibodies, such as daratumumab and obinutuzumab. This narrative review illustrates the pathophysiological mechanisms of APS, with a particular emphasis on cardiovascular complications and their impact in older adults. This article also highlights advancements in the diagnosis, risk stratification, and management of APS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13113064","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,23]],"date-time":"2024-05-23T11:37:13Z","timestamp":1716464233000},"page":"3064","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Management of Cardiovascular Complications in Antiphospholipid Syndrome: A Narrative Review with a Focus on Older Adults"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9269-8829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Bernardi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical, Internal Medicine, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6443-4121","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luigi","family":"Spadafora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical, Internal Medicine, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-0734-9712","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"Andaloro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Piscitelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Fornaci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical, Internal Medicine, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Intonti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical, Internal Medicine, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-1906-159X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto Emanuele","family":"Fratta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-4685-4729","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chieh-En","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8407-2527","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karol","family":"Kazir\u00f2d-Wolski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Sciences, Collegium Medicum, Jan Kochanowski University, Al. IX Wiek\u00f3w Kielc 19A, 25-317 Kielce, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theodora","family":"Metsovitis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Biondi-Zoccai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Via XXIV Maggio 7, 04100 Latina, Italy"},{"name":"Cardiology Unit, Santa Maria Goretti Hospital, Via L. Scaravelli, 04100 Latina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0243-3673","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pierre","family":"Sabouret","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heart Institute, Piti\u00e9-Salp\u00e9tri\u00e8re Hospital, Sorbonne University, 47-83 Bd. de l\u2019H\u00f4pital, 75013 Paris, France"},{"name":"National College of French Cardiologists, 13 Niepce, 75014 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9567-6983","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emanuele","family":"Marzetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geriatrics, Orthopedics, and Rheumatology, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Fondazione Policlinico Universitario \u201cA. Gemelli\u201d IRCCS, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7504-3775","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Cacciatore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geriatrics, Orthopedics, and Rheumatology, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2006.01753.x","article-title":"International consensus statement on an update of the classification criteria for definite antiphospholipid syndrome (APS)","volume":"4","author":"Miyakis","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-022-00916-w","article-title":"Mechanisms of immunothrombosis and vasculopathy in antiphospholipid syndrome","volume":"44","author":"Knight","year":"2022","journal-title":"Semin. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"8510","article-title":"Epidemiology of Antiphospholipid Syndrome in the General Population","volume":"23","author":"Dabit","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Rheumatol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2013-204838","article-title":"Morbidity and mortality in the antiphospholipid syndrome during a 10-year period: A multicentre prospective study of 1000 patients","volume":"74","author":"Cervera","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0028-1082274","article-title":"Morbidity and mortality in the catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome: Pathophysiology, causes of death, and prognostic factors","volume":"34","author":"Espinosa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Semin. Thromb. Hemost."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1687","DOI":"10.1002\/art.42624","article-title":"The 2023 ACR\/EULAR Antiphospholipid Syndrome Classification Criteria","volume":"75","author":"Barbhaiya","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2020.10.010","article-title":"Thrombotic antiphospholipid syndrome: A practical guide to diagnosis and management","volume":"198","author":"Sayar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Thromb. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2013.11.012","article-title":"Risk factors for arterial thrombosis in antiphospholipid syndrome","volume":"133","author":"Swadzba","year":"2014","journal-title":"Thromb. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1002\/art.10187","article-title":"Antiphospholipid syndrome: Clinical and immunologic manifestations and patterns of disease expression in a cohort of 1,000 patients","volume":"46","author":"Cervera","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bitsadze, V., Yakubova, F., Khizroeva, J., Lazarchuk, A., Salnikova, P., Vorobev, A., Tretyakova, M., Degtyareva, N., Grigoreva, K., and Gashimova, N. (2024). Catastrophic Antiphospholipid Syndrome. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25010668"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3918","DOI":"10.1002\/art.22265","article-title":"Relationship of antiphospholipid antibodies to cardiovascular manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"54","author":"Roman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-013-0320-8","article-title":"Valvular heart disease in antiphospholipid syndrome","volume":"15","author":"Zuily","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Rheumatol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pons, I., Louro, J., Sitges, M., Vidal, B., Cervera, R., and Espinosa, G. (2023). Heart Valve Involvement in Patients with Antiphospholipid Syndrome: A Long-Term Follow-Up Study of a Single Centre. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12082996"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejcts.2009.06.046","article-title":"Heart valve surgery in patients with the antiphospholipid syndrome: Analysis of a series of nine cases","volume":"37","author":"Colli","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2003.07.016","article-title":"Increased morbidity and mortality in patients with antiphospholipid syndrome undergoing valve replacement surgery","volume":"127","author":"Berkun","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejcts.2007.11.004","article-title":"The antiphospholipid syndrome and heart valve surgery","volume":"33","author":"Gorki","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2014.11.003","article-title":"Antiphospholipid syndrome and the heart: A case series and literature review","volume":"14","author":"Denas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2022.101503","article-title":"Acute Coronary Syndromes in Antiphospholipid Syndrome-above Suspicion: A Systematic Review","volume":"48","author":"Nevras","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Probl. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.028522","article-title":"Increased risk for heart valve disease associated with antiphospholipid antibodies in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: Meta-analysis of echocardiographic studies","volume":"124","author":"Zuily","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203315572714","article-title":"The association between antiphospholipid antibodies and pregnancy morbidity, stroke, myocardial infarction, and deep vein thrombosis: A critical review of the literature","volume":"24","author":"Chighizola","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3069","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.88.8.3069","article-title":"Induction of anti-phospholipid syndrome in naive mice with mouse lupus monoclonal and human polyclonal anti-cardiolipin antibodies","volume":"88","author":"Blank","year":"1991","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1642501","article-title":"Effect of human IgG antiphospholipid antibodies on an in vivo thrombosis model in mice","volume":"71","author":"Pierangeli","year":"1994","journal-title":"Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2009.02.008","article-title":"Catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome (CAPS): Descriptive analysis of a series of 280 patients from the \u201cCAPS Registry\u201d","volume":"32","author":"Cervera","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Autoimmun."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1002\/art.39453","article-title":"ApoE Receptor 2 Mediation of Trophoblast Dysfunction and Pregnancy Complications Induced by Antiphospholipid Antibodies in Mice","volume":"68","author":"Ulrich","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2008.03021.x","article-title":"Platelet activation by dimeric beta2-glycoprotein I requires signaling via both glycoprotein Ibalpha and apolipoprotein E receptor 2\u2032","volume":"6","author":"Urbanus","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1408","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-07-299099","article-title":"Apolipoprotein E receptor 2 is involved in the thrombotic complications in a murine model of the antiphospholipid syndrome","volume":"117","author":"Urbanus","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1002\/art.21009","article-title":"Involvement of p38 MAPK in the up-regulation of tissue factor on endothelial cells by antiphospholipid antibodies","volume":"52","author":"Casper","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1177\/096120339600500307","article-title":"Antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) increase the potential monocyte procoagulant activity in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"5","author":"Martini","year":"1996","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"455","article-title":"Antiphospholipid antibodies and complement activation in patients with cerebral ischemia","volume":"10","author":"Davis","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1497","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203312458839","article-title":"C6 knock-out mice are protected from thrombophilia mediated by antiphospholipid antibodies","volume":"21","author":"Papalardo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2007.02.007","article-title":"Antiphospholipid antibodies and pregnancy loss: A disorder of inflammation","volume":"77","author":"Salmon","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2121","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2003-07-2422","article-title":"Antibodies to tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) in patients with antiphospholipid syndrome: Evidence of interaction between the antibodies and the catalytic domain of tPA in 2 patients","volume":"103","author":"Cugno","year":"2004","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.93.8.1579","article-title":"Heart valve involvement (Libman-Sacks endocarditis) in the antiphospholipid syndrome","volume":"93","author":"Hojnik","year":"1996","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2005.06.005","article-title":"Accelerated atherosclerosis, immune response and autoimmune rheumatic diseases","volume":"5","author":"Jara","year":"2006","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1191\/0961203305lu2211oa","article-title":"Oxidized LDL\/beta2-glycoprotein I complexes: New aspects in atherosclerosis","volume":"14","author":"Matsuura","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2016.10.004","article-title":"The antiphospholipid syndrome in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"76","author":"Andreoli","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Autoimmun."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"229","article-title":"Ten questions about myocardial infarction with non-obstructed coronary arteries","volume":"25","author":"Ciliberti","year":"2024","journal-title":"G. Ital. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"148","article-title":"Prevalence of myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary arteries (MINOCA) amongst acute coronary syndrome in patients with antiphospholipid syndrome","volume":"22","author":"Gandhi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol. Heart Vasc."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2019.05.037","article-title":"High prevalence of inherited thrombophilia and antiphospholipid syndrome in myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary arteries: Comparison with cryptogenic stroke","volume":"290","author":"Stepien","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.13409","article-title":"Antiphospholipid antibodies in patients with myocardial infarction with and without obstructive coronary arteries","volume":"291","author":"Svenungsson","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"e17002","article-title":"Unraveling the Association Between Myocardial Infarction of Nonobstructive Coronary Arteries and Antiphospholipid Syndrome","volume":"13","author":"Ramjas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kruchinova, S. (2020). Prevalence of thrombophilia and antiphospholipid syndrome in myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary arteries and cryptogenic stroke. Eur. Heart J., 41.","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjci\/ehaa946.1531"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102990","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102990","article-title":"Myocardial involvement in anti-phospholipid syndrome: Beyond acute myocardial infarction","volume":"21","author":"Coletto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s40885-021-00191-1","article-title":"Pulmonary arterial hypertension due to antiphospholipid syndrome initially mimicking chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension","volume":"28","author":"Yeo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2014.10.013","article-title":"Incidence of a first thromboembolic event in carriers of isolated lupus anticoagulant","volume":"135","author":"Pengo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Thromb. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1468","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203314545410","article-title":"Persistent antiphospholipid antibody (aPL) in asymptomatic carriers as a risk factor for future thrombotic events: A nationwide prospective study","volume":"23","author":"Mustonen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"162","article-title":"Association between cardiac manifestations and antiphospholipid antibody type and level in a cohort of Serbian patients with primary and secondary antiphospholipid syndrome","volume":"16","author":"Djokovic","year":"2014","journal-title":"Isr. Med. Assoc. J."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"1313","article-title":"Lupus anticoagulant, high levels of anticardiolipin, and anti-beta2-glycoprotein I antibodies are associated with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension","volume":"25","author":"Martinuzzo","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00941","article-title":"Cardiac Manifestations of Antiphospholipid Syndrome with Focus on Its Primary Form","volume":"10","author":"Kolitz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1002\/art.24232","article-title":"Risk factors for thrombosis and primary thrombosis prevention in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus with or without antiphospholipid antibodies","volume":"61","author":"Tektonidou","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"2531","article-title":"Antiphospholipid antibodies and incidence of venous thrombosis in a cohort of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"29","author":"Somers","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2014.10.019","article-title":"Patient-level analysis of five international cohorts further confirms the efficacy of aspirin for the primary prevention of thrombosis in patients with antiphospholipid antibodies","volume":"14","author":"Arnaud","year":"2015","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-117-4-303","article-title":"Antiphospholipid thrombosis: Clinical course after the first thrombotic event in 70 patients","volume":"117","author":"Rosove","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e426","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3026(16)30079-5","article-title":"Rivaroxaban versus warfarin to treat patients with thrombotic antiphospholipid syndrome, with or without systemic lupus erythematosus (RAPS): A randomised, controlled, open-label, phase 2\/3, non-inferiority trial","volume":"3","author":"Cohen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Haematol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-016-0623-7","article-title":"Direct Oral Anticoagulants Use in Antiphospholipid Syndrome: Are These Drugs an Effective and Safe Alternative to Warfarin? A Systematic Review of the Literature","volume":"18","author":"Dufrost","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Rheumatol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.7326\/M19-0291","article-title":"Rivaroxaban Versus Vitamin K Antagonist in Antiphospholipid Syndrome: A Randomized Noninferiority Trial","volume":"171","author":"Vidal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715878","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2021.715878","article-title":"Use of Direct Oral Anticoagulants in Patients with Antiphospholipid Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Comparison of the International Guidelines","volume":"8","author":"Pastori","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1097\/MBC.0000000000001153","article-title":"Comparing the efficacy and safety of direct oral anticoagulants versus Vitamin K antagonists in patients with antiphospholipid syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"33","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Blood Coagul. Fibrinolysis"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2024.03.013","article-title":"Low recurrent thrombosis rates in single positive antiphospholipid syndrome regardless of type of anticoagulation","volume":"237","author":"Bakow","year":"2024","journal-title":"Thromb. Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1097\/MBC.0000000000000747","article-title":"Anticoagulation in a patient with antiphospholipid syndrome and a mechanical heart valve: A case study","volume":"29","author":"Hu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Blood Coagul. Fibrinolysis"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1186\/s13019-020-01330-9","article-title":"Antiphospholipid syndrome and valvular heart disease, a complex scenario of thrombotic events, a case report","volume":"15","author":"Endara","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cardiothorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab395","article-title":"2021 ESC\/EACTS Guidelines for the management of valvular heart disease","volume":"43","author":"Vahanian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1177\/17474930221150349","article-title":"Antiphospholipid syndrome, antiphospholipid antibodies, and stroke","volume":"18","author":"Mittal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Stroke"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1002\/art.23109","article-title":"A systematic review of secondary thromboprophylaxis in patients with antiphospholipid antibodies","volume":"57","author":"Hunt","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"2402","article-title":"Primary antiphospholipid syndrome: A 5-year transesophageal echocardiographic followup study","volume":"31","author":"Zavaleta","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0000000000000051","article-title":"Targeted therapy in antiphospholipid syndrome","volume":"26","author":"Sciascia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203313491023","article-title":"Rituximab therapy for recurrent thromboembolic disease in antiphospholipid syndrome","volume":"22","author":"Bakshi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2021005657","article-title":"Eculizumab for refractory thrombosis in antiphospholipid syndrome","volume":"6","author":"Hussain","year":"2022","journal-title":"Blood Adv."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2195","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.97.22.2195","article-title":"Antiphospholipid syndrome in the elderly: Caution","volume":"97","author":"Piette","year":"1998","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1816","DOI":"10.1177\/09612033221130975","article-title":"Antiphospholipid syndrome in patients over 65 years: A comparative study of clinical and biological features and thrombotic relapses","volume":"31","author":"Masson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/key437","article-title":"Clinical and immunological features of antiphospholipid syndrome in the elderly: A retrospective national multicentre study","volume":"58","author":"Grimaud","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1002\/art.40901","article-title":"The Epidemiology of Antiphospholipid Syndrome: A Population-Based Study","volume":"71","author":"Pham","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e35","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2020.35.e35","article-title":"Epidemiology of Antiphospholipid Syndrome in Korea: A Nationwide Population-based Study","volume":"35","author":"Hwang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Korean Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"1559","article-title":"Significance of persistent antiphospholipid antibodies in the elderly","volume":"33","author":"Lambert","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4714","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-03-340232","article-title":"Incidence of a first thromboembolic event in asymptomatic carriers of high-risk antiphospholipid antibody profile: A multicenter prospective study","volume":"118","author":"Pengo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"I-9","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000078469.07362.E6","article-title":"Risk factors for venous thromboembolism","volume":"107","author":"Anderson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1097\/01.HS9.0000564588.25267.06","article-title":"PS1585 Elderly with Antiphospholipid Syndrome Present with Distinct Clinical Profile: A Retrospective Single Center Study","volume":"3","author":"Bountola","year":"2019","journal-title":"HemaSphere"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1159\/000048623","article-title":"Anticardiolipin antibodies and mortality in patients with ischemic stroke: A prospective follow-up study","volume":"21","author":"Tanne","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1177\/096120339600500504","article-title":"1996 diagnostic and classification criteria for the antiphospholipid\/cofactors syndrome: A mission impossible?","volume":"5","author":"Piette","year":"1996","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"Cr430","article-title":"Vascular dementia and anticardiolipin antibodies","volume":"11","author":"Cipulo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Monit."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(96)00060-5","article-title":"Natural history and risk factors for thrombosis in 360 patients with antiphospholipid antibodies: A four-year prospective study from the Italian Registry","volume":"100","author":"Finazzi","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"557","article-title":"High prevalence of anti-cardiolipin and other autoantibodies in a healthy elderly population","volume":"69","author":"Manoussakis","year":"1987","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/S0049-3848(00)00243-7","article-title":"High prevalence of protein-dependent and protein-independent antiphospholipid and other autoantibodies in healthy elders","volume":"99","author":"Cabiedes","year":"2000","journal-title":"Thromb. Res."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1827","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2002-02-0441","article-title":"Lupus anticoagulants are stronger risk factors for thrombosis than anticardiolipin antibodies in the antiphospholipid syndrome: A systematic review of the literature","volume":"101","author":"Galli","year":"2003","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.1997.4601357.x","article-title":"Antibodies to beta2-glycoprotein I--a specific marker for the antiphospholipid syndrome","volume":"109","author":"Guerin","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1177\/096120339200100206","article-title":"Distribution of two common idiotypes of anticardiolipin antibodies in sera of patients with primary antiphospholipid syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus and monoclonal gammopathies","volume":"1","author":"Krause","year":"1992","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/0049-0172(94)90086-8","article-title":"Renal manifestations of the antiphospholipid syndrome","volume":"23","author":"Piette","year":"1994","journal-title":"Semin. Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(05)80622-1","article-title":"Prevalence of lupus anticoagulant in patients with cirrhosis: Relationship with beta-2-glycoprotein I plasma levels","volume":"21","author":"Quintarelli","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_89","first-page":"1694","article-title":"A longitudinal study of anticardiolipin antibody in polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis","volume":"22","author":"Chakravarty","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1191\/0961203303lu383ed","article-title":"Autoimmunity and geriatrics: Clinical significance of autoimmune manifestations in the elderly","volume":"12","author":"Brito","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1097\/MAJ.0000000000000281","article-title":"Age-specific cancer incidence rates increase through the oldest age groups","volume":"348","author":"Thakkar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(99)80355-6","article-title":"Trousseau\u2019s syndrome with nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis: Pathogenic role of antiphospholipid syndrome","volume":"98","author":"Bessis","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2009.04.001","article-title":"Antiphospholipid antibodies and malignancies","volume":"9","author":"Tincani","year":"2010","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_94","first-page":"175","article-title":"A prospective epidemiological study on the occurrence of antiphospholipid antibody: The Montpellier Antiphospholipid (MAP) Study","volume":"24","author":"Schved","year":"1994","journal-title":"Haemostasis"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1805819","article-title":"Effect of Aspirin on Cardiovascular Events and Bleeding in the Healthy Elderly","volume":"379","author":"McNeil","year":"2018","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2008.093179","article-title":"Morbidity and mortality in the antiphospholipid syndrome during a 5-year period: A multicentre prospective study of 1000 patients","volume":"68","author":"Cervera","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)01109-9","article-title":"Bleeding complications of oral anticoagulant treatment: An inception-cohort, prospective collaborative study (ISCOAT). Italian Study on Complications of Oral Anticoagulant Therapy","volume":"348","author":"Palareti","year":"1996","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.165.13.1527","article-title":"Risks of oral anticoagulant therapy with increasing age","volume":"165","author":"Torn","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tumian, N.R., and Hunt, B.J. (2022). Clinical Management of Thrombotic Antiphospholipid Syndrome. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11030735"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1767","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2009.03588.x","article-title":"The association between circulating antibodies against domain I of beta2-glycoprotein I and thrombosis: An international multicenter study","volume":"7","author":"Pengo","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00376","article-title":"Reliability of Lupus Anticoagulant and Anti-phosphatidylserine\/prothrombin Autoantibodies in Antiphospholipid Syndrome: A Multicenter Study","volume":"10","author":"Sciascia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabc0956","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc0956","article-title":"Lipid presentation by the protein C receptor links coagulation with autoimmunity","volume":"371","author":"Hollerbach","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2835","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2014-08-593624","article-title":"\u03b22-Glycoprotein I\/HLA class II complexes are novel autoantigens in antiphospholipid syndrome","volume":"125","author":"Tanimura","year":"2015","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2130","DOI":"10.1002\/art.41460","article-title":"Anti-Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Antibodies and Impaired Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Degradation in Antiphospholipid Syndrome","volume":"72","author":"Zuo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2136","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.15785","article-title":"Added value of antiphosphatidylserine\/prothrombin antibodies in the workup of thrombotic antiphospholipid syndrome: Communication from the ISTH SSC Subcommittee on Lupus Anticoagulant\/Antiphospholipid Antibodies","volume":"20","author":"Vandevelde","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1097\/CM9.0000000000000705","article-title":"Antiphospholipid syndrome: A clinical perspective","volume":"133","author":"Zuo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1985","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2011.04451.x","article-title":"Identification of miRNAs as potential modulators of tissue factor expression in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and antiphospholipid syndrome","volume":"9","author":"Teruel","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1928","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.13072","article-title":"A novel pathway of cellular activation mediated by antiphospholipid antibody-induced extracellular vesicles","volume":"13","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/gaw027","article-title":"Antiphospholipid antibody-induced miR-146a-3p drives trophoblast interleukin-8 secretion through activation of Toll-like receptor 8","volume":"22","author":"Gysler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2010","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1705454","article-title":"Diagnosis and Management of the Antiphospholipid Syndrome","volume":"378","author":"Garcia","year":"2018","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2018-213846","article-title":"Management of antiphospholipid syndrome","volume":"78","author":"Uthman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1780","DOI":"10.1002\/art.41891","article-title":"Expert Perspective: Management of Microvascular and Catastrophic Antiphospholipid Syndrome","volume":"73","author":"Erkan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1656","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.14192","article-title":"McMaster RARE-Bestpractices clinical practice guideline on diagnosis and management of the catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome","volume":"16","author":"Legault","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.14427","article-title":"Circulating plasmablasts contribute to antiphospholipid antibody production, associated with type I interferon upregulation","volume":"17","author":"Hisada","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-018-1578-z","article-title":"Integrative analysis reveals CD38 as a therapeutic target for plasma cell-rich pre-disease and established rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"20","author":"Cole","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2022.08.045","article-title":"Simultaneous crosslinking of CD20 and CD38 receptors by drug-free macromolecular therapeutics enhances B cell apoptosis in vitro and in vivo","volume":"350","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Control Release"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kex067","article-title":"Obinutuzumab induces superior B-cell cytotoxicity to rituximab in rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus patient samples","volume":"56","author":"Reddy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2894","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keab827","article-title":"Disparity in peripheral and renal B-cell depletion with rituximab in systemic lupus erythematosus: An opportunity for obinutuzumab?","volume":"61","author":"Reddy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1177\/09612033221089138","article-title":"Refractory antiphospholipid antibody syndrome-induced thrombocytopaenia successfully treated with belimumab","volume":"31","author":"Yoshizuka","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2719","DOI":"10.1002\/art.34440","article-title":"Brief report: Induction of sustained remission in recurrent catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome via inhibition of terminal complement with eculizumab","volume":"64","author":"Shapira","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2179","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.12319","article-title":"Eculizumab improves posttransplant thrombotic microangiopathy due to antiphospholipid syndrome recurrence but fails to prevent chronic vascular changes","volume":"13","author":"Canaud","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2008.09.008","article-title":"Autoimmune diseases induced by TNF-targeted therapies","volume":"22","author":"Soto","year":"2008","journal-title":"Best. Pract. Res. Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e232907","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2019-232907","article-title":"Digital ischaemia secondary to adalimumab-induced antiphospholipid syndrome","volume":"13","author":"Cheemalavagu","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/13\/11\/3064\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:47:32Z","timestamp":1760107652000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/13\/11\/3064"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,23]]},"references-count":123,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm13113064"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm13113064","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,23]]}}}