{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T17:35:23Z","timestamp":1788543323214,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,24]],"date-time":"2024-05-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716508800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cardiac amyloidosis, a condition characterized by abnormal protein deposition in the heart, leads to restrictive cardiomyopathy and is notably associated with an increased risk of arrhythmias and conduction disorders. This article reviews the current understanding and management strategies for these cardiac complications, with a focus on recent advancements and clinical challenges. The prevalence and impact of atrial arrhythmias, particularly atrial fibrillation, are examined, along with considerations for stroke risk and anticoagulation therapy. The article also addresses the complexities of managing rate and rhythm control, outlining the utility and limitations of pharmacological agents and interventions such as catheter ablation. Furthermore, it reviews the challenges in the treatment of ventricular arrhythmias, including the contentious use of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators for primary and secondary prevention. Individualized approaches, considering the unique characteristics of cardiac amyloidosis, are paramount. Continuous research and clinical exploration are essential to refine treatment strategies and improve outcomes in this challenging patient population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13113088","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,24]],"date-time":"2024-05-24T11:17:52Z","timestamp":1716549472000},"page":"3088","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Management of Arrhythmias and Conduction Disorders in Amyloid Cardiomyopathy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6895-4076","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Holcman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, John Paul II Hospital, 31-202 Krakow, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Cardiac and Vascular Diseases, Jagiellonian University Medical College, John Paul II Hospital, 31-202 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8331-3210","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrzej","family":"Z\u0105bek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrocardiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, John Paul II Hospital, 31-202 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Boczar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrocardiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, John Paul II Hospital, 31-202 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piotr","family":"Podolec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiac and Vascular Diseases, Jagiellonian University Medical College, John Paul II Hospital, 31-202 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9094-3202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Kostkiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, John Paul II Hospital, 31-202 Krakow, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Cardiac and Vascular Diseases, Jagiellonian University Medical College, John Paul II Hospital, 31-202 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2007.10.016","article-title":"Prophylactic Implantation of Cardioverter-Defibrillator in Patients with Severe Cardiac Amyloidosis and High Risk for Sudden Cardiac Death","volume":"5","author":"Kristen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.2009.190405","article-title":"Amyloid Diseases of the Heart: Assessment, Diagnosis, and Referral","volume":"97","author":"Dubrey","year":"2011","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khanna, S., Lo, P., Cho, K., and Subbiah, R. (2020). Ventricular Arrhythmias in Cardiac Amyloidosis: A Review of Current Literature. Clin. Med. Insights Cardiol., 14.","DOI":"10.1177\/1179546820963055"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ng, P.L.F., Lim, Y.C., Evangelista, L.K.M., Wong, R.C.C., Chai, P., Sia, C.H., Loi, H.Y., Yeo, T.C., and Lin, W. (2022). Utility and Pitfalls of the Electrocardiogram in the Evaluation of Cardiac Amyloidosis. Ann. Noninvasive Electrocardiol., 27.","DOI":"10.1111\/anec.12967"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2020.12.024","article-title":"Impact of Arrhythmias on Hospitalizations in Patients with Cardiac Amyloidosis","volume":"143","author":"Thakkar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Argir\u00f2, A., Del Franco, A., Mazzoni, C., Allinovi, M., Tomberli, A., Tarquini, R., Di Mario, C., Perfetto, F., Cappelli, F., and Zampieri, M. (2022). Arrhythmic Burden in Cardiac Amyloidosis: What We Know and What We Do Not. Biomedicines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10112888"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laptseva, N., Rossi, V.A., Sudano, I., Schwotzer, R., Ruschitzka, F., Flammer, A.J., and Duru, F. (2023). Arrhythmic Manifestations of Cardiac Amyloidosis: Challenges in Risk Stratification and Clinical Management. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12072581"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1111\/anec.12032","article-title":"Prevalence and Prognostic Value of Conduction Disturbances at the Time of Diagnosis of Cardiac AL Amyloidosis","volume":"18","author":"Boldrini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Noninvasive Electrocardiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cappelli, F., Vignini, E., Martone, R., Perlini, S., Mussinelli, R., Sabena, A., Morini, S., Gabriele, M., Taborchi, G., and Bartolini, S. (2020). Baseline ECG Features and Arrhythmic Profile in Transthyretin Versus Light Chain Cardiac Amyloidosis. Circ. Heart Fail., 13.","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.119.006619"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.3109\/13506129.2015.1028616","article-title":"Atrial Fibrillation in Amyloidotic Cardiomyopathy: Prevalence, Incidence, Risk Factors and Prognostic Role","volume":"22","author":"Longhi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Amyloid"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2020.01.004","article-title":"Management of Arrhythmias in Cardiac Amyloidosis","volume":"6","author":"Giancaterino","year":"2020","journal-title":"JACC Clin. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3051","DOI":"10.19102\/icrm.2018.090301","article-title":"Arrhythmias in Cardiac Amyloidosis","volume":"9","author":"John","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Innov. Card. Rhythm Manag."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1080\/13506129.2019.1620724","article-title":"Atrial Fibrillation and Subtype of Atrial Fibrillation in Cardiac Amyloidosis: Clinical and Echocardiographic Features, Impact on Mortality","volume":"26","author":"Sanchis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Amyloid"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2023.02.004","article-title":"Conduction System Disease in Cardiac Amyloidosis","volume":"34","author":"Assaf","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2020.04.019","article-title":"Atrial Fibrillation in Transthyretin Cardiac Amyloidosis: Predictors, Prevalence, and Efficacy of Rhythm Control Strategies","volume":"6","author":"Donnellan","year":"2020","journal-title":"JACC Clin. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2015.09.016","article-title":"Electrophysiologic Assessment of Conduction Abnormalities and Atrial Arrhythmias Associated with Amyloid Cardiomyopathy","volume":"13","author":"Barbhaiya","year":"2016","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2091","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000034511.06350.DF","article-title":"Atrial Amyloidosis: An Arrhythmogenic Substrate for Persistent Atrial Fibrillation","volume":"106","author":"Peters","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ashraf, I., Peck, M.M., Maram, R., Mohamed, A., Ochoa Crespo, D., Kaur, G., and Malik, B.H. (2020). Association of Arrhythmias in Cardiac Amyloidosis and Cardiac Sarcoidosis. Cureus, 12.","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.9842"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1554","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab072","article-title":"Diagnosis and Treatment of Cardiac Amyloidosis: A Position Statement of the ESC Working Group on Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases","volume":"42","author":"Rapezzi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2019.10.013","article-title":"No Association Between CHADS-VASc Score and Left Atrial Appendage Thrombus in Patients with Transthyretin Amyloidosis","volume":"5","author":"Donnellan","year":"2019","journal-title":"JACC Clin. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.36660\/abchf.20210035","article-title":"Ventricular Arrythmias in Cardiac Amyloidosis: It is Possible to Prevent Sudden Death?","volume":"1","author":"Dumont","year":"2021","journal-title":"ABC Heart Fail. Cardiomyop."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9592.2001.01228.x","article-title":"Holter Monitoring in AL Amyloidosis: Prognostic Implications","volume":"24","author":"Palladini","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2009.05.040","article-title":"Frequencies and Types of Arrhythmias in Patients with Systemic Light-Chain Amyloidosis with Cardiac Involvement Undergoing Stem Cell Transplantation on Telemetry Monitoring","volume":"104","author":"Goldsmith","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2023.02.006","article-title":"Electrocardiographic Features and Rhythm Disorders in Cardiac Amyloidosis","volume":"34","author":"Martini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/91.2.141","article-title":"The Clinical Features of Immunoglobulin Light-Chain (AL) Amyloidosis with Heart Involvement","volume":"91","author":"Dubrey","year":"1998","journal-title":"QJM Int. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2021.07.028","article-title":"Management Strategies for Atrial Fibrillation and Flutter in Patients with Transthyretin Cardiac Amyloidosis","volume":"157","author":"Dale","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1887","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.304521","article-title":"The Spectrum of Epidemiology Underlying Sudden Cardiac Death","volume":"116","author":"Hayashi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2021.01.022","article-title":"Incidence and Predictors of Sudden Cardiac Arrest in Sarcoidosis: A Nationwide Analysis","volume":"7","author":"Narasimhan","year":"2021","journal-title":"JACC Clin. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lindow, T., and Lindqvist, P. (2021). The Prevalence of Advanced Interatrial Block and Its Relationship to Left Atrial Function in Patients with Transthyretin Cardiac Amyloidosis. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10132764"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(97)00267-2","article-title":"Electrophysiologic Abnormalities in AL (Primary) Amyloidosis with Cardiac Involvement","volume":"30","author":"Reisinger","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(83)90084-X","article-title":"Cardiac Amyloidosis Causing Cardiac Dysfunction: Analysis of 54 Necropsy Patients","volume":"52","author":"Roberts","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"1474","article-title":"Sudden Death in Lambda Light Chain AL Cardiac Amyloidosis: A Review of Literature and Update for Clinicians and Pathologists","volume":"13","author":"Mazzanti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Exp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2019.11.039","article-title":"Arrhythmias in Cardiac Amyloidosis: Challenges in Risk Stratification and Treatment","volume":"36","author":"Cheung","year":"2020","journal-title":"Can. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.10.079","article-title":"Direct Current Cardioversion of Atrial Arrhythmias in Adults with Cardiac Amyloidosis","volume":"73","author":"Dispenzieri","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2016.06.033","article-title":"Natural History of Wild-Type Transthyretin Cardiac Amyloidosis and Risk Stratification Using a Novel Staging System","volume":"68","author":"Grogan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"e210","article-title":"2017 AHA\/ACC\/HRS Guideline for Management of Patients with Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death: Executive Summary","volume":"138","author":"Stevenson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(97)82785-3","article-title":"Symptomatic Conduction System Disease in Cardiac Amyloidosis","volume":"80","author":"Mathew","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/euz314","article-title":"Atrial Fibrillation Ablation in Patients with Transthyretin Cardiac Amyloidosis","volume":"22","author":"Donnellan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Europace"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2016.03.596","article-title":"Genotype and Phenotype of Transthyretin Cardiac Amyloidosis: THAOS (Transthyretin Amyloid Outcome Survey)","volume":"68","author":"Maurer","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2022.04.045","article-title":"Routine Ambulatory Heart Rhythm Monitoring for Detection of Atrial Arrhythmias in Transthyretin Cardiac Amyloidosis","volume":"358","author":"Dale","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.13701","article-title":"Thromboembolism and Bleeding in Systemic Amyloidosis: A Review","volume":"9","author":"Nicol","year":"2022","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1080\/13506120500537285","article-title":"Natural History of Thromboembolism in AL Amyloidosis","volume":"13","author":"Halligan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Amyloid"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cariou, E., Sanchis, K., Rguez, K., Blanchard, V., Cazalbou, S., Fournier, P., Huart, A., Roussel, M., Cintas, P., and Galinier, M. (2021). New Oral Anticoagulants vs. Vitamin K Antagonists Among Patients with Cardiac Amyloidosis: Prognostic Impact. Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2021.742428"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1080\/00015385.2017.1335034","article-title":"Cardiac Amyloidosis: Pathogenesis, Clinical Context, Diagnosis, and Management Options","volume":"72","author":"Alkhawam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1177\/2632463621998583","article-title":"Cardiac Amyloidosis Wild Type (ATTR-CAwt) and Associated Cardiac Arrhythmias: A Case Report and Literature Review","volume":"2","author":"Nagarakanti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indian J. Clin. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1007\/s00059-020-04904-4","article-title":"Amyloid Cardiomyopathy","volume":"45","author":"Kristen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Herz"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1111\/jce.12123","article-title":"Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators in Patients with Cardiac Amyloidosis","volume":"24","author":"Lin","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2020.05.021","article-title":"Prevalence, Incidence, and Impact on Mortality of Conduction System Disease in Transthyretin Cardiac Amyloidosis","volume":"128","author":"Donnellan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2427","DOI":"10.1111\/jce.14180","article-title":"Cardiac Devices in Patients with Transthyretin Amyloidosis: Impact on Functional Class, Left Ventricular Function, Mitral Regurgitation, and Mortality","volume":"30","author":"Donnellan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2012.02.033","article-title":"Prophylactic Pacemaker Implantation in Familial Amyloid Polyneuropathy","volume":"9","author":"Algalarrondo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2022.08.012","article-title":"Comparison of catheter ablation and medical therapy for atrial fibrillation in heart failure patients: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"57","author":"Akbulut","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heart Lung"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.4274\/balkanmedj.galenos.2023.2023-9-48","article-title":"Catheter Ablation Approaches for the Treatment of Arrhythmia Recurrence in Patients with a Durable Pulmonary Vein Isolation","volume":"40","author":"Nesapiragasan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Balkan Med. J."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2380","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.13443","article-title":"Progress and Challenges in the Treatment of Cardiac Amyloidosis: A Review of the Literature","volume":"8","author":"Adam","year":"2021","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehu506","article-title":"A Study of Implanted Cardiac Rhythm Recorders in Advanced Cardiac AL Amyloidosis","volume":"36","author":"Sayed","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2019.12.002","article-title":"Use of Implantable Electronic Devices in Patients with Cardiac Amyloidosis","volume":"36","author":"John","year":"2020","journal-title":"Can. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2016.07.254","article-title":"Outcome and Incidence of Appropriate Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator Therapy in Patients with Cardiac Amyloidosis","volume":"222","author":"Hamon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.14747","article-title":"Role of Implantable Intracardiac Defibrillators in Patients with Cardiac Immunoglobulin Light Chain Amyloidosis","volume":"182","author":"Rezk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2013.10.026","article-title":"Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator Placement in Patients with Cardiac Amyloidosis","volume":"11","author":"Varr","year":"2014","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00695078","article-title":"The Sinoatrial Node in Familial Amyloidosis with Polyneuropathy","volume":"402","author":"Eriksson","year":"1984","journal-title":"Virchows Arch. A Pathol. Anat. Histopathol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8159.1984.tb05599.x","article-title":"Pacemaker Treatment in Familial Amyloidosis with Polyneuropathy","volume":"7","author":"Eriksson","year":"1984","journal-title":"Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3997","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehac262","article-title":"2022 ESC Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death","volume":"43","author":"Zeppenfeld","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"e91","article-title":"2017 AHA\/ACC\/HRS Guideline for Management of Patients with Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death: A Report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society","volume":"72","author":"Stevenson","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8167.2005.00321.x","article-title":"Catheter ablation of ventricular fibrillation storm in patients with infiltrative amyloidosis of the heart","volume":"17","author":"Mlcochova","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muser, D., Santangeli, P., Pathak, R.K., Castro, S.A., Liang, J.J., Magnani, S., Hayashi, T., Garcia, F.C., Hutchinson, M.D., and Frankel, D.S. (2016). Long-term outcomes of catheter ablation of ventricular tachycardia in patients with cardiac sarcoidosis. Circ. Arrhythm. Electrophysiol., 9.","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.116.004333"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.4274\/balkanmedj.galenos.2023.06042023","article-title":"The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Coronary Artery Disease and Atrial Fibrillation","volume":"40","author":"Altay","year":"2023","journal-title":"Balkan Med. J."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/13\/11\/3088\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:48:19Z","timestamp":1760107699000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/13\/11\/3088"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,24]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm13113088"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm13113088","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,24]]}}}