{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:50:46Z","timestamp":1787028646644,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,25]],"date-time":"2024-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716595200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Refractive errors, including myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism, are the leading causes of visual impairment in school-aged children and can significantly impact their academic performance and quality of life. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of refractive errors among school children from economically disadvantaged areas in Northwest M\u00e9xico, using a consistent methodology to facilitate comparison with global data. Methods: We adopted the Refractive Error Study in Children (RESC) protocol by the World Health Organization to examine the prevalence of myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism. The study comprised a systematic sampling of children aged 6 to 18 years from diverse schools in Northwest M\u00e9xico. Trained optometrists conducted visual acuity testing and autorefraction, while ophthalmologists performed cycloplegic refraction to ensure accuracy. Results: The study found a myopia (SE \u2264\u22121.50 D at least one eye) prevalence of 14.55% (95% CI: 13.27\u201315.91), with a higher incidence in females (6.92%) compared to males (6.00%) in at least one eye. Hyperopia (SE \u2265 +1.00 D at least one eye) was less common, at 3.23% (95% CI: 2.61\u20133.95), with a slightly higher occurrence in males in at least one eye. Astigmatism (Cylinder \u2265 0.75 D at least one eye) was present in 18.63% (95% CI: 17.21\u201320.12) of the students in at least one eye, with no significant difference between genders. These findings are consistent with other studies in regions such as Puerto Rico and Iran, indicating widespread refractive error issues among schoolchildren. Conclusions: The high prevalence of refractive errors, particularly myopia and astigmatism, highlights the critical need for regular vision screenings in schools and the implementation of public health interventions to provide corrective eyewear. Our study confirms the importance of utilizing standardized methodologies like the RESC protocol to compare refractive error prevalence across different geographical and socio-economic contexts, thereby informing global public health strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13113094","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,27]],"date-time":"2024-05-27T09:33:31Z","timestamp":1716802411000},"page":"3094","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Refractive Errors of School Children from Economically Disadvantaged Areas in Northwest M\u00e9xico"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3510-9749","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emiliano","family":"Teran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Physical-Mathematical Sciences, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan 80246, Sinaloa, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Efrain","family":"Romo-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Center for Research and Teaching in Health Sciences, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan 80246, Sinaloa, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0531-475X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hector C.","family":"Santiago","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry, Inter American University of Puerto Rico, 500 John Will Harris, Bayam\u00f3n, PR 00957, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1111\/cxo.12953","article-title":"Do reduced visual acuity and refractive error affect classroom performance?","volume":"103","author":"Hopkins","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. 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