{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T08:24:10Z","timestamp":1765355050056,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,28]],"date-time":"2024-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716854400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Mental health and substance use disorders (MHDs and SUDs) affect cardiac allograft and VAD recipients and impact their quality of life and compliance. Limited research currently exists on MHDs and SUDs in this population. Methods: This study compares the incidence of MHDs and SUDs in the transplant list, VAD, and post-transplant patients with that in heart failure patients. Study cohorts were derived from the TriNetX database using ICD-10 codes. Differences in incidence were examined using the log-rank test. Adults with MHDs and SUDs before the window of time were excluded. All comparisons were made between propensity-matched cohorts. Statistical significance was set at p &lt; 0.05. Results: Transplant waitlist patients showed a significant increase in the incidence of anxiety, depression, panic, adjustment, mood, alcohol use, and eating disorders. Post-transplant patients showed a significant increase in depression and opioid use. VAD patients showed a significant increase in depression and a decrease in panic disorder and anxiety. These results allow for further investigations on prevention and coping strategies. Conclusions: The deterioration of mental health can significantly impact medication compliance, survival, and quality of life. Opioid use for pain management in the early postoperative period should be further investigated to assess its impact on long-term substance use and addiction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13113151","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,28]],"date-time":"2024-05-28T03:48:49Z","timestamp":1716868129000},"page":"3151","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Mental Health and Substance Use Disorders in Transplant Waitlist, VAD, and Heart Transplant Patients: A TriNetX Database Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Chloe","family":"Grzyb","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Heart and Vascular Institute, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7095-6946","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dongping","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial, Manufacturing, and Systems Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Balakrishnan","family":"Mahesh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1243-4389","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nandini","family":"Nair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heart and Vascular Institute, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA"},{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"e51098","article-title":"Assessment of Health-Related Quality of Life in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure: A Cross-Sectional Study in Vietnam","volume":"15","author":"Truong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0b013e31829584e0","article-title":"Mental health disorders and solid-organ transplant recipients","volume":"96","author":"Corbett","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alyaydin, E., Sindermann, J.R., K\u00f6ppe, J., Gerss, J., Dr\u00f6ge, P., Ruhnke, T., G\u00fcnster, C., Reinecke, H., and Feld, J. (2023). Depression and Anxiety in Heart Transplant Recipients: Prevalence and Impact on Post-Transplant Outcomes. J. Pers. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm13050844"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000000901","article-title":"Depression and Anxiety as Risk Factors for Morbidity and Mortality After Organ Transplantation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"100","author":"Dew","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1186\/s13019-017-0626-0","article-title":"Pre-transplant depression as a predictor of adherence and morbidities after orthotopic heart transplantation","volume":"12","author":"Delibasic","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cardiothorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.5935\/1678-9741.20130010","article-title":"Estrat\u00e9gias de enfrentamento p\u00f3s-transplante card\u00edaco: Implica\u00e7\u00f5es psicol\u00f3gicas","volume":"28","author":"Pfeifer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Braz. J. Cardiovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjcn\/zvad051","article-title":"What motivates heart transplantation patients to exercise and engage in physical activity? A network analysis","volume":"23","author":"Hansen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cardiovasc. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1093\/icvts\/ivy125","article-title":"Mental health interventions during ventricular assist device therapy: A scoping review","volume":"27","author":"Brocks","year":"2018","journal-title":"Interact. Cardiovasc. Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2017.05.002","article-title":"The Relationship Between Psychological Symptoms and Ventricular Assist Device Implantation","volume":"54","author":"Weerahandi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pain Symptom Manag."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1097\/JCN.0000000000000378","article-title":"Quality of Life, Depression, and Anxiety in Ventricular Assist Device Therapy: Longitudinal Outcomes for Patients and Family Caregivers","volume":"32","author":"Bidwell","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healun.2015.10.023","article-title":"The 2016 International Society for Heart Lung Transplantation listing criteria for heart transplantation: A 10-year update","volume":"35","author":"Mehra","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Heart Lung Transplant."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"(2024, May 19). TriNetX 2024. Available online: https:\/\/ctsi.psu.edu\/research-support\/trinetx\/."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healun.2009.10.013","article-title":"Role of psychological factors in the clinical course of heart transplant patients","volume":"29","author":"Kop","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Heart Lung Transplant."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1097\/MOT.0b013e3283510928","article-title":"Psychiatric disorders as risk factors for adverse medical outcomes after solid organ transplantation","volume":"17","author":"Rosenberger","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Organ. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.psy.47.3.213","article-title":"Psychiatric evaluations of heart transplant candidates: Predicting post-transplant hospitalizations, rejection episodes, and survival","volume":"47","author":"Owen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychosomatics"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0000000000000185","article-title":"Psychiatric aspects of organ transplantation and donation","volume":"28","author":"Faeder","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.7182\/pit2015296","article-title":"Patients with psychotic disorders in solid-organ transplant","volume":"25","author":"Zimbrean","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prog. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"740","article-title":"Effect of depressive symptoms on survival after heart transplantation","volume":"64","author":"Zipfel","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychosom. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/S1053-2498(98)00044-8","article-title":"Early post-transplant medical compliance and mental health predict physical morbidity and mortality one to three years after heart transplantation","volume":"18","author":"Dew","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Heart Lung Transplant."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1093\/icvts\/ivw111","article-title":"Mental health status of patients with mechanical aortic valves, with ventricular assist devices and after heart transplantation","volume":"23","author":"Heilmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Interact. Cardiovasc. Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2020.1445","article-title":"Development of Persistent Opioid Use After Cardiac Surgery","volume":"5","author":"Brown","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.111.962472","article-title":"Patient-reported outcomes in left ventricular assist device therapy: A systematic review and recommendations for clinical research and practice","volume":"4","author":"Brouwers","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circ. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1007\/s11789-015-0077-x","article-title":"Rehabilitationsstandards f\u00fcr die Anschlussheilbehandlung und allgemeine Rehabilitation von Patienten mit einem Herzunterst\u00fctzungssystem (VAD\u2014Ventricular assist device) [Rehabilitation standards for follow-up treatment and rehabilitation of patients with ventricular assist device (VAD)]","volume":"11","author":"Willemsen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Res. Cardiol. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1145","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000507","article-title":"Recommendations for the Use of Mechanical Circulatory Support: Ambulatory and Community Patient Care: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association","volume":"135","author":"Cook","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circulation"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/13\/11\/3151\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:49:16Z","timestamp":1760107756000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/13\/11\/3151"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,28]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm13113151"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm13113151","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2077-0383"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,28]]}}}