{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T10:06:26Z","timestamp":1780567586573,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,29]],"date-time":"2024-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716940800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF) is an important cause that is thought main potential factor in Embolic stroke of undetermined source (ESUS). Extended Holter ECG is an expensive and time-consuming examination. It needs another tools for predicting PAF in ESUS patients. In this study, serum galectin-3 levels, ECG parameters (PR interval, P wave time and P wave peak time) LA volume index, LA global peak strain and atrial electromechanical conduction time values were investigated for predicting PAF. Methods: 150 patients with ESUS and 30 volunteers for the control group were recruited to study. 48\u201372 h Holter ECG monitoring was used for detecting PAF. Patients were divided into two groups (ESUS + PAF and ESUS-PAF) according to the development of PAF in Holter ECG monitoring. Results: 30 patients with ESUS whose Holter ECG monitoring showed PAF, were recruited to the ESUS + PAF group. Other 120 patients with ESUS were recruited to the ESUS-PAF group. PA lateral, PA septum, and PA tricuspid were higher in the ESUS + PAF group (p &lt; 0.001 for all). Serum galectin-3 levels were significantly higher in ESUS + PAF than in ESUS-PAF and control groups (479.0 pg\/mL \u00b1 435.8 pg\/mL, 297.8 pg\/mL \u00b1 280.3 pg\/mL, and 125.4 \u00b1 87.0 pg\/mL, p &lt; 0.001, respectively). Serum galectin-3 levels were significantly correlated with LAVI, PA lateral, and global peak LA strain (r = 0.246, p = 0.001, p = 0.158, p = 0.035, r = \u22120.176, p = 0.018, respectively). Conclusion: Serum galectin-3 levels is found higher in ESUS patients which developed PAF and Serum galectin-3 levels are associated LA adverse remodeling in patients with ESUS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13113175","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,29]],"date-time":"2024-05-29T03:38:30Z","timestamp":1716953910000},"page":"3175","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Role of Galectin-3 Levels for Predicting Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation in Patients with Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9760-1827","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bekir","family":"\u00c7alapkorur","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Kayseri City Education and Research Hospital, Kayseri 38080, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erkan","family":"Demirci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Kayseri City Education and Research Hospital, Kayseri 38080, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"O\u011fuzhan","family":"Baran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Kayseri City Education and Research Hospital, Kayseri 38080, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ersin Kas\u0131m","family":"Ulusoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Ankara City Education and Research Hospital, Ankara 38080, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6780-6776","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Derya","family":"Ko\u00e7er","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Kayseri City Education and Research Hospital, Kayseri 38080, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Selami","family":"Demirelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Kayseri City Education and Research Hospital, Kayseri 38080, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4167-0820","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mustafa","family":"G\u00f6k","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Kayseri City Education and Research Hospital, Kayseri 38080, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziya","family":"\u015eim\u015fek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Kayseri City Education and Research Hospital, Kayseri 38080, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.024","article-title":"Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source: JACC Review Topic of the Week","volume":"75","author":"Ntaios","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2976","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2017.07.029","article-title":"Treatment of Cryptogenic Stroke with Active Cancer with a New Oral Anticoagulant","volume":"26","author":"Nam","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Stroke Cerebrovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/s11886-018-1053-0","article-title":"Atrial Cardiopathy and Stroke Prevention","volume":"20","author":"Elkind","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Cardiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1177\/1747493015620803","article-title":"Cost-Effectiveness of an Insertable Cardiac Monitor to Detect Atrial Fibrillation in Patients with Cryptogenic Stroke","volume":"11","author":"Diamantopoulos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Stroke"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1346-2899","article-title":"Atrial Fibrillation in Patients with Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source during 3 Years of Prolonged Monitoring with an Implantable Loop Recorder","volume":"121","author":"Kitsiou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2009.09.001","article-title":"The Relationship between Serum Galectin-3 and Serum Markers of Cardiac Extracellular Matrix Turnover in Heart Failure Patients","volume":"409","author":"Lin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.3909\/ricm0624","article-title":"Galectin-3: A Novel Blood Test for the Evaluation and Management of Patients With Heart Failure","volume":"12","author":"McCullough","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rev. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1111\/jce.12637","article-title":"The Association of Serum Galectin-3 Levels with Atrial Electrical and Structural Remodeling","volume":"26","author":"Yalcin","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1997","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.119.025384","article-title":"Left Atrial Volume Index Is Associated with Cardioembolic Stroke and Atrial Fibrillation Detection after Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source","volume":"50","author":"Jordan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/s00392-019-01501-2","article-title":"Septal Total Atrial Conduction Time for Prediction of Atrial Fibrillation in Embolic Stroke of Unknown Source: A Pilot Study","volume":"109","author":"Sieweke","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Res. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2020.09.009","article-title":"Left Atrial Mechanics Assessed Early during Hospitalization for Cryptogenic Stroke Are Associated with Occult Atrial Fibrillation: A Speckle-Tracking Strain Echocardiography Study","volume":"34","author":"Deferm","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1136\/postgradmedj-2020-137540","article-title":"Novel Electrocardiography Parameter for Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation in Acute Ischaemic Stroke Patients: P Wave Peak Time","volume":"96","author":"Cinar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Postgrad. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa612","article-title":"2020 ESC Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Atrial Fibrillation Developed in Collaboration with the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS) The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Management of Atrial Fibrillation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Developed with the Special Contribution of the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) of the ESC","volume":"42","author":"Hindricks","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2018.06.004","article-title":"Guidelines for Performing a Comprehensive Transthoracic Echocardiographic Examination in Adults: Recommendations from the American Society of Echocardiography","volume":"32","author":"Mitchell","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1159\/000365760","article-title":"Atrial Electromechanical Delay Is Impaired in Patients with Psoriasis","volume":"24","author":"Calapkorur","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med. Princ. Pract."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2478","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1313600","article-title":"Cryptogenic Stroke and Underlying Atrial Fibrillation","volume":"370","author":"Sanna","year":"2014","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.115.008714","article-title":"Atrial Premature Beats Predict Atrial Fibrillation in Cryptogenic Stroke: Results from the EMBRACE Trial","volume":"46","author":"Gladstone","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelectrocard.2019.09.006","article-title":"Relationship between Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation and a Novel Electrocardiographic Parameter P Wave Peak Time","volume":"57","author":"Bayam","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Electrocardiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1542-474X.2012.00534.x","article-title":"P-Wave Morphology: Underlying Mechanisms and Clinical Implications","volume":"17","author":"Platonov","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Noninvasive Electrocardiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1894","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2012.12.060","article-title":"Risk Factors for Incident Atrial Fibrillation with and without Left Atrial Enlargement in Women","volume":"168","author":"Conen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2017.07.029","article-title":"Potential Usefulness and Clinical Relevance of Adding Left Atrial Strain to Left Atrial Volume Index in the Detection of Left Ventricular Diastolic Dysfunction","volume":"11","author":"Morris","year":"2018","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.5603\/EP.a2021.0044","article-title":"Atrial Electromechanical Delay Is Impaired in Patients with Primary Hyperparathyroidism","volume":"72","author":"Yilmaz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endokrynol. Pol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11897-010-0004-x","article-title":"Galectin-3 in Cardiac Remodeling and Heart Failure","volume":"7","author":"Yu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Heart Fail. Rep."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.22196","article-title":"Galectin-3 Activation and Inhibition in Heart Failure and Cardiovascular Disease: An Update","volume":"8","author":"Suthahar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"344","article-title":"Galectin-3 Levels in Patients with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy and Its Relationship with Left Ventricular Mass Index and Function","volume":"16","author":"Emren","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anatol. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2017.07.001","article-title":"Galectin-3 and Incidence of Atrial Fibrillation: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study","volume":"192","author":"Fashanu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34357","DOI":"10.1038\/srep34357","article-title":"Serum Galectin-3 Levels Predict Recurrences after Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation","volume":"6","author":"Clementy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2009.12.024","article-title":"Galectin-3 Contributes to Neonatal Hypoxic\u2013Ischemic Brain Injury","volume":"38","author":"Doverhag","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/13\/11\/3175\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:49:52Z","timestamp":1760107792000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/13\/11\/3175"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,29]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm13113175"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm13113175","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,29]]}}}