{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T17:37:22Z","timestamp":1793813842674,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":126,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,30]],"date-time":"2024-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717027200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is an increasingly relevant cause of cardiovascular morbidity worldwide. Although the association between OSA and the cardiovascular system is well-known, the extent of its effects is still a topic of interest, including pathophysiologic mechanisms, cardiovascular sequelae, and OSA therapies and their effects. Commonly described mechanisms of cardiovascular etiologies revolve around sympathetic activation, inflammation, and intermittent hypoxia resulting from OSA. Ultimately, these effects lead to manifestations in the cardiovascular system, such as arrhythmias, hypertension, and heart failure, among others. The resulting sequelae of OSA may also have differential effects based on gender and age; several studies suggest female gender to have more susceptibility to cardiovascular mortality, as well as an increase in age. Furthermore, several therapies for OSA, both established and emerging, show a reduction in cardiovascular morbidity and may even reduce cardiovascular burden. Namely, the establishment of CPAP has led to improvement in hypertension and cardiac function in patients with heart failure and even reduced the progression of early stages of atherosclerosis. Effective management of OSA decreases abnormal neural sympathetic activity, which results in better rhythm control and blood pressure control, both in waking and sleep cycles. With newer therapies for OSA, its effects on the cardiovascular system may be significantly reduced or even reversed after long-term management. The vast extent of OSA on the cardiovascular system, as well as current and future therapeutic strategies, will be described in detail in this review.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13113223","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,30]],"date-time":"2024-05-30T06:08:14Z","timestamp":1717049294000},"page":"3223","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":88,"title":["The Effects of Obstructive Sleep Apnea on the Cardiovascular System: A Comprehensive Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3376-4608","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael V.","family":"DiCaro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Kirk Kerkorian School of Medicine at UNLV, Las Vegas, NV 89102, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3696-195X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"KaChon","family":"Lei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Kirk Kerkorian School of Medicine at UNLV, Las Vegas, NV 89102, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-1948-5099","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brianna","family":"Yee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Kirk Kerkorian School of Medicine at UNLV, Las Vegas, NV 89102, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tahir","family":"Tak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Kirk Kerkorian School of Medicine at UNLV, Las Vegas, NV 89102, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(19)30198-5","article-title":"Estimation of the global prevalence and burden of obstructive sleep apnoea: A literature-based analysis","volume":"7","author":"Benjafield","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. 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