{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T02:48:32Z","timestamp":1792032512006,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":249,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,12]],"date-time":"2024-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718150400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities of Spain through the Grants for University Teacher Training FPU 2022","award":["FPU22\/02012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FPU22\/02012"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities of Spain through the Grants for University Teacher Training FPU 2022","award":["CP23\/00039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CP23\/00039"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities of Spain through the Grants for University Teacher Training FPU 2022","award":["BEA-GAL18\/00006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BEA-GAL18\/00006"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities of Spain through the Grants for University Teacher Training FPU 2022","award":["PRX22\/00313"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRX22\/00313"]}]},{"name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII)","award":["FPU22\/02012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FPU22\/02012"]}]},{"name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII)","award":["CP23\/00039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CP23\/00039"]}]},{"name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII)","award":["BEA-GAL18\/00006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BEA-GAL18\/00006"]}]},{"name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII)","award":["PRX22\/00313"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRX22\/00313"]}]},{"name":"European Union (FSE+)","award":["FPU22\/02012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FPU22\/02012"]}]},{"name":"European Union (FSE+)","award":["CP23\/00039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CP23\/00039"]}]},{"name":"European Union (FSE+)","award":["BEA-GAL18\/00006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BEA-GAL18\/00006"]}]},{"name":"European Union (FSE+)","award":["PRX22\/00313"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRX22\/00313"]}]},{"name":"Beatriz Galindo Program in the Department of Psychology at the University of C\u00f3rdoba","award":["FPU22\/02012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FPU22\/02012"]}]},{"name":"Beatriz Galindo Program in the Department of Psychology at the University of C\u00f3rdoba","award":["CP23\/00039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CP23\/00039"]}]},{"name":"Beatriz Galindo Program in the Department of Psychology at the University of C\u00f3rdoba","award":["BEA-GAL18\/00006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BEA-GAL18\/00006"]}]},{"name":"Beatriz Galindo Program in the Department of Psychology at the University of C\u00f3rdoba","award":["PRX22\/00313"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRX22\/00313"]}]},{"name":"Salvador Madariaga Research Program","award":["FPU22\/02012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FPU22\/02012"]}]},{"name":"Salvador Madariaga Research Program","award":["CP23\/00039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CP23\/00039"]}]},{"name":"Salvador Madariaga Research Program","award":["BEA-GAL18\/00006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BEA-GAL18\/00006"]}]},{"name":"Salvador Madariaga Research Program","award":["PRX22\/00313"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRX22\/00313"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dementia remains an underdiagnosed syndrome, and there is a need to improve the early detection of cognitive decline. This narrative review examines the role of neuropsychological assessment in the characterization of cognitive changes associated with dementia syndrome at different states. The first section describes the early indicators of cognitive decline and the major barriers to their identification. Further, the optimal cognitive screening conditions and the most widely accepted tests are described. The second section analyzes the main differences in cognitive performance between Alzheimer\u2019s disease and other subtypes of dementia. Finally, the current challenges of neuropsychological assessment in aging\/dementia and future approaches are discussed. Essentially, we find that current research is beginning to uncover early cognitive changes that precede dementia, while continuing to improve and refine the differential diagnosis of neurodegenerative disorders that cause dementia. However, neuropsychology faces several barriers, including the cultural diversity of the populations, a limited implementation in public health systems, and the adaptation to technological advances. Nowadays, neuropsychological assessment plays a fundamental role in characterizing cognitive decline in the different stages of dementia, but more efforts are needed to develop harmonized procedures that facilitate its use in different clinical contexts and research protocols.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13123442","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,13]],"date-time":"2024-06-13T06:23:11Z","timestamp":1718259791000},"page":"3442","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Neuropsychological Assessment for Early Detection and Diagnosis of Dementia: Current Knowledge and New Insights"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8617-9691","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricia","family":"Alzola","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Psychology, Psychobiology and Methodology of Behavioral Sciences, University of Salamanca, 37005 Salamanca, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Crist\u00f3bal","family":"Carnero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Department, Granada University Hospital Complex, 18014 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F\u00e9lix","family":"Bermejo-Pareja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Institute of Research i+12, University Hospital \u201c12 de Octubre\u201d, 28041 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gonzalo","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Benavides","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Barcelonabeta Brain Research Center, 08005 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jordi","family":"Pe\u00f1a-Casanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u2018Hospital del Mar\u2019 Medical Research Institute, 08003 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2373-4528","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ver\u00f3nica","family":"Puertas-Mart\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Education, International University of La Rioja, 26006 La Rioja, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8080-5578","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernardino","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Calvo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of C\u00f3rdoba, 14071 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7841-1307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Israel","family":"Contador","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Psychology, Psychobiology and Methodology of Behavioral Sciences, University of Salamanca, 37005 Salamanca, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bermejo-Pareja, F., and Del Ser, T. (2024). Controversial Past, Splendid Present, Unpredictable Future: A Brief Review of Alzheimer Disease History. J. Clin. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13020536"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2018.01.022","article-title":"Dementia","volume":"131","author":"Gale","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-802973-2.00008-2","article-title":"Dementias","volume":"138","author":"Sacuiu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Handb. Clin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Editoral M\u00e9dica Panamericana. [5th ed.].","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2014.181","article-title":"Classifying neurocognitive disorders: The DSM-5 approach","volume":"10","author":"Sachdev","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"(2022). GBD 2019 Dementia Forecasting Collaborators Estimation of the global prevalence of dementia in 2019 and forecasted prevalence in 2050: An analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet Public Health, 7, e105\u2013e125."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18008","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1402-13.2013","article-title":"Changes in Brain Function Occur Years before the Onset of Cognitive Impairment","volume":"33","author":"Goh","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"743","article-title":"Predementia constructs: Mild cognitive impairment or mild neurocognitive disorder? A narrative review","volume":"36","author":"Contador","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2227","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp0910237","article-title":"Clinical practice. Mild cognitive impairment","volume":"364","author":"Petersen","year":"2011","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.56.3.303","article-title":"Mild cognitive impairment: Clinical characterization and outcome","volume":"56","author":"Petersen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000004826","article-title":"Practice guideline update summary: Mild cognitive impairment: Report of the Guideline Development, Dissemination, and Implementation Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology","volume":"90","author":"Petersen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2004.01380.x","article-title":"Mild cognitive impairment\u2014Beyond controversies, towards a consensus: Report of the International Working Group on Mild Cognitive Impairment","volume":"256","author":"Winblad","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-215730","article-title":"Blood Tests for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Increasing Efforts to Expand and Diversify Research Participation Is Critical for Widespread Validation and Acceptance","volume":"90","author":"Karikari","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1080\/13854046.2019.1575471","article-title":"The incremental value of neuropsychological assessment: A critical review","volume":"34","author":"Donders","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-220930","article-title":"NEURONORMA Cognitive Battery Associations with Cerebrospinal Fluid Amyloid-\u03b2 and Tau Levels in the Continuum of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"92","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1080\/13854046.2017.1414885","article-title":"Examining the beneficial effect of neuropsychological assessment on adult patient outcomes: A systematic review","volume":"32","author":"Watt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1995.00540300086018","article-title":"Cognitive impairment in the nondemented elderly. Results from the Canadian Study of Health and Aging","volume":"52","author":"Ebly","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"(2019). Mental Health and Substance Use (MSD) Clinical Descriptions and Diagnostic Requirements for ICD-11 Mental, Behavioural and Neurodevelopmental Disorders (CDDR), World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1111\/jnp.12223","article-title":"Social cognition and social functioning in patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment or Alzheimer\u2019s dementia","volume":"15","author":"Kessels","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1007\/s00391-017-1207-5","article-title":"Subjective memory impairment in general practice: Short overview and design of a mixed methods study","volume":"50","author":"Pentzek","year":"2017","journal-title":"Z. Gerontol. Geriatr."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1502","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.324.7352.1502","article-title":"What we need to know about age related memory loss","volume":"324","author":"Small","year":"2002","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(19)30368-0","article-title":"The characterisation of subjective cognitive decline","volume":"19","author":"Jessen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.3233\/ADR-220013","article-title":"Self- and Partner-Reported Subjective Memory Complaints: Association with Objective Cognitive Impairment and Risk of Decline","volume":"6","author":"Zuroff","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis. Rep."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"165","article-title":"Early Detection of Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) in Primary Care","volume":"7","author":"Sabbagh","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Prev. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(2022). Alzheimer\u2019s Association 2022 Alzheimer\u2019s disease facts and figures. Alzheimer\u2019s Dement., 18, 700\u2013789.","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12638"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"457","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of dementia in primary care: Exploratory study","volume":"60","author":"Parmar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Can. Fam. Physician Med. Fam. Can."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-231200","article-title":"Evaluating Cognitive Impairment in a Large Health Care System: The Cognition in Primary Care Program","volume":"99","author":"Gaster","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"e2247","article-title":"Illiteracy, dementia risk, and cognitive trajectories among older adults with low education","volume":"93","author":"Vonk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1080\/23273798.2017.1379605","article-title":"Challenges in the neuropsychological assessment of illiterate older adults","volume":"33","author":"Kosmidis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lang. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"010317","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.09.010317","article-title":"Neuropsychological assessment in preclinical and prodromal Alzheimer disease: A global perspective","volume":"9","author":"Watermeyer","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deeks, J., Bossuyt, P., Leeflang, M., and Takwoingi, Y. (2024, May 28). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Diagnostic Test Accuracy; Version 2.0 (Updated July 2023); Cochrane, 2023. Available online: https:\/\/training.cochrane.org\/handbook-diagnostic-test-accuracy\/current.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.ED000163"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Whiting, P., Rutjes, A.W.S., Reitsma, J.B., Bossuyt, P.M.M., and Kleijnen, J. (2003). The development of QUADAS: A tool for the quality assessment of studies of diagnostic accuracy included in systematic reviews. BMC Med. Res. Methodol., 3.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-3-25"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s41073-019-0064-8","article-title":"SANRA-a scale for the quality assessment of narrative review articles","volume":"4","author":"Baethge","year":"2019","journal-title":"Res. Integr. Peer Rev."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1038\/s41514-023-00120-6","article-title":"Assessing cognitive decline in the aging brain: Lessons from rodent and human studies","volume":"9","author":"Brito","year":"2023","journal-title":"npj Aging"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1177\/1529100620920576","article-title":"Education and Cognitive Functioning Across the Life Span","volume":"21","author":"Fratiglioni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychol. Sci. Public. Interest."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S73922","article-title":"Mild cognitive impairment and its management in older people","volume":"10","author":"Eshkoor","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Interv. Aging"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2614","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31756-7","article-title":"Prevention and management of dementia: A priority for public health","volume":"390","author":"Frankish","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"29","article-title":"Multidomain Interventions to Prevent Cognitive Impairment, Alzheimer\u2019s Disease, and Dementia: From FINGER to World-Wide FINGERS","volume":"7","author":"Rosenberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Prev. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"afac173","article-title":"Worldwide prevalence of mild cognitive impairment among community dwellers aged 50 years and older: A meta-analysis and systematic review of epidemiology studies","volume":"51","author":"Bai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1595","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610217000473","article-title":"The prevalence and progression of mild cognitive impairment among clinic and community populations: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"29","author":"Hu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. Psychogeriatr."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12267","DOI":"10.1002\/trc2.12267","article-title":"Risk of conversion from mild cognitive impairment to dementia in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"McGrattan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement. Transl. Res. Clin. Interv."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-150625","article-title":"Prognostic Significance of Mild Cognitive Impairment Subtypes for Dementia and Mortality: Data from the NEDICES Cohort","volume":"50","author":"Contador","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"404","article-title":"Mild Cognitive Impairment","volume":"22","author":"Petersen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Continuum"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2016.07.055","article-title":"Does mild cognitive impairment always lead to dementia? A review","volume":"369","author":"Pandya","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.15642","article-title":"Mild Cognitive Impairment that Does Not Progress to Dementia: A Population-Based Study","volume":"67","author":"Ganguli","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2016.06.020","article-title":"Spontaneous Reversion of Mild Cognitive Impairment to Normal Cognition: A Systematic Review of Literature and Meta-Analysis","volume":"17","author":"Canevelli","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2013.11.009","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative Extension and refinement of the predictive value of different classes of markers in ADNI: Four-year follow-up data","volume":"10","author":"Gomar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chun, C.T., Seward, K., Patterson, A., Melton, A., and MacDonald-Wicks, L. (2021). Evaluation of Available Cognitive Tools Used to Measure Mild Cognitive Decline: A Scoping Review. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13113974"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psc.2022.07.010","article-title":"Cognitive Impairment in Older Adults: Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment","volume":"45","author":"Joshi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-150086","article-title":"Accuracy of a Brief Neuropsychological Battery for the Diagnosis of Dementia and Mild Cognitive Impairment: An Analysis of the NEDICES Cohort","volume":"48","author":"Serna","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1037\/neu0000883","article-title":"A review of novel Cognitive Challenge Tests for the assessment of preclinical Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"37","author":"Loewenstein","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2016.06.2365","article-title":"Detecting cognitive changes in preclinical Alzheimer\u2019s disease: A review of its feasibility","volume":"13","author":"Mortamais","year":"2017","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1038\/s43587-023-00410-4","article-title":"Detection and treatment of Alzheimer\u2019s disease in its preclinical stage","volume":"3","author":"Rafii","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Aging"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1037\/neu0000846","article-title":"The diagnostic usefulness of experimental memory tasks for detecting subjective cognitive decline: Preliminary results in an Italian sample","volume":"37","author":"Rodini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1037\/neu0000871","article-title":"Signs and symptoms method in neuropsychology: A standardized observational examination of cognitive functions can be effective in detecting mild cognitive impairment","volume":"37","author":"Trimarchi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117676","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.117676","article-title":"Time between milestone events in the Alzheimer\u2019s disease amyloid cascade","volume":"227","author":"Insel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.3758\/s13415-023-01093-5","article-title":"Targeting the function of the transentorhinal cortex to identify early cognitive markers of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"23","author":"Bastin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1159\/000507286","article-title":"Psychometric Cognitive Decline Precedes the Advent of Subjective Cognitive Decline in the Evolution of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"49","author":"Reisberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Disord."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-171180","article-title":"From Subjective Cognitive Decline to Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: The Predictive Role of Neuropsychological Assessment, Personality Traits, and Cognitive Reserve. A 7-Year Follow-Up Study","volume":"63","author":"Bessi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e6067","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.6067","article-title":"Predicting progression to Alzheimer\u2019s disease dementia using cognitive measures","volume":"39","author":"Macdougall","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S375","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-141470","article-title":"Detecting early preclinical Alzheimer\u2019s disease via cognition, neuropsychiatry, and neuroimaging: Qualitative review and recommendations for testing","volume":"42","author":"Belleville","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/7854_2011_171","article-title":"Neuropsychological features of mild cognitive impairment and preclinical Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"10","author":"Salmon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awx365","article-title":"Predicting progression from normal cognition to mild cognitive impairment for individuals at 5 years","volume":"141","author":"Albert","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1037\/neu0000413","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative* Word-list intrusion errors predict progression to mild cognitive impairment","volume":"32","author":"Thomas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-017-9361-5","article-title":"Neuropsychological Measures that Predict Progression from Mild Cognitive Impairment to Alzheimer\u2019s type dementia in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"27","author":"Belleville","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuropsychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-016-9332-2","article-title":"Subjective Cognitive Complaints and Objective Cognitive Function in Aging: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Recent Cross-Sectional Findings","volume":"26","author":"Burmester","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuropsychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-032816-045136","article-title":"Subjective Cognitive Decline in Preclinical Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"13","author":"Rabin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1037\/neu0000907","article-title":"Special issue on \u201cNovel neuropsychological instruments for the prodromal and preclinical diagnosis of Alzheimer\u2019s disease\u201d","volume":"37","author":"Carlesimo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-160309","article-title":"Developing Cognitive Markers of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease for Primary Care: Implications for Behavioral and Global Prevention","volume":"54","author":"Levy","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2016.03.034","article-title":"Geneva Task Force for the Roadmap of Alzheimer\u2019s Biomarkers Clinical validity of delayed recall tests as a gateway biomarker for Alzheimer\u2019s disease in the context of a structured 5-phase development framework","volume":"52","author":"Cerami","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hwang, A.B., Boes, S., Nyffeler, T., and Schuepfer, G. (2019). Validity of screening instruments for the detection of dementia and mild cognitive impairment in hospital inpatients: A systematic review of diagnostic accuracy studies. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0219569"},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"123","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Disease\u2014Why We Need Early Diagnosis","volume":"9","author":"Rasmussen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Degener. Neurol. Neuromuscul. Dis."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1192\/bjb.2018.107","article-title":"Against the stream: Early diagnosis of dementia, is it so desirable?","volume":"43","author":"Brayne","year":"2019","journal-title":"BJPsych Bull."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/gnv067","article-title":"Living with Ambiguity: A Metasynthesis of Qualitative Research on Mild Cognitive Impairment","volume":"55","author":"Gomersall","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gerontologist"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Watson, R., Bryant, J., Sanson-Fisher, R., Mansfield, E., and Evans, T.-J. (2018). What is a \u2018timely\u2019 diagnosis? Exploring the preferences of Australian health service consumers regarding when a diagnosis of dementia should be disclosed. BMC Health Serv. Res., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-018-3409-y"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2000.tb02650.x","article-title":"Patterns of care in the early stages of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Impediments to timely diagnosis","volume":"48","author":"Knopman","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oba, H., Matsuoka, T., Kato, Y., Watson, R., Mansfield, E., Sanson-Fisher, R., and Narumoto, J. (2021). Attitude toward dementia and preferences for diagnosis in Japanese health service consumers. BMC Health Serv. Res., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-021-06381-9"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.4066","article-title":"Public health guidance to facilitate timely diagnosis of dementia: ALzheimer\u2019s COoperative Valuation in Europe recommendations","volume":"29","author":"Brooker","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.2217\/nmt.14.47","article-title":"Collaborative transdisciplinary team approach for dementia care","volume":"4","author":"Galvin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurodegener. Dis. Manag."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15333175221117006","DOI":"10.1177\/15333175221117006","article-title":"Cognitive Assessment in Culturally, Linguistically, and Educationally Diverse Older Populations in Europe","volume":"37","author":"Nielsen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Alzheimers Dis. Other Demen"},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"491","article-title":"Prevalence of cognitive impairment in Spain: The G\u00f3mez de Caso study in health sentinel networks","volume":"33","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurologia"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care, Pottie, K., Rahal, R., Jaramillo, A., Birtwhistle, R., Thombs, B.D., Singh, H., Gorber, S.C., Dunfield, L., and Shane, A. (2016). Recommendations on screening for cognitive impairment in older adults. CMAJ, 188, 37\u201346.","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.141165"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9708413","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/9708413","article-title":"Is Dementia Screening of Apparently Healthy Individuals Justified?","volume":"2017","author":"Chambers","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_84","unstructured":"Gerontological Society of America (2015). Gerontology Society of America Workgroup on Cognitive Impairment Detection and Earlier Diagnosis Report and Recommendations, The Gerontological Society of America."},{"key":"ref_85","first-page":"601","article-title":"Screening for cognitive impairment in older adults: A systematic review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force","volume":"159","author":"Lin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_86","unstructured":"United Kingdom National Screening Committee (2019). The UK NSC Recommendation on Screening for Dementia, Public Health England."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-150692","article-title":"Timely Diagnosis for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: A Literature Review on Benefits and Challenges","volume":"49","author":"Dubois","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2015.06.017","article-title":"Brain Health: The Importance of Recognizing Cognitive Impairment: An IAGG Consensus Conference","volume":"16","author":"Morley","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_89","unstructured":"Carnero-Pardo, C. (2002). Test de screening en demencia. Neurolog\u00eda Conductual: Fundamentos Te\u00f3ricos y Pr\u00e1cticos, Pulso Ediciones SL."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(75)90026-6","article-title":"\u201cMini-mental state\u201d. A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician","volume":"12","author":"Folstein","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2008.04.014","article-title":"A meta-analysis of the accuracy of the mini-mental state examination in the detection of dementia and mild cognitive impairment","volume":"43","author":"Mitchell","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_92","first-page":"163","article-title":"The Mini Mental Status Examination. Normative data and a comparison of a 12-item and 20-item version in a sample survey of community-based elderly","volume":"26","author":"Kempen","year":"1995","journal-title":"Tijdschr. Gerontol. Geriatr."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.148.1.102","article-title":"Reliability of a Standardized Mini-Mental State Examination compared with the traditional Mini-Mental State Examination","volume":"148","author":"Molloy","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1080\/13854046.2012.704945","article-title":"The Mini-Mental-37 test for dementia screening in the Spanish population: An analysis using the Rasch Model","volume":"26","author":"Prieto","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1992.tb01992.x","article-title":"The mini-mental state examination: A comprehensive review","volume":"40","author":"Tombaugh","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_96","first-page":"314","article-title":"The Modified Mini-Mental State (3MS) examination","volume":"48","author":"Teng","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1093\/geronj\/37.3.323","article-title":"Measurement of functional activities in older adults in the community","volume":"37","author":"Pfeffer","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000172958.95282.2a","article-title":"The AD8: A brief informant interview to detect dementia","volume":"65","author":"Galvin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/9.3_Part_1.179","article-title":"Assessment of older people: Self-maintaining and instrumental activities of daily living","volume":"9","author":"Lawton","year":"1969","journal-title":"Gerontologist"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cger.2018.06.004","article-title":"Screening for Cognitive Impairment in Geriatrics","volume":"34","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Geriatr. Med."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/1.4.233","article-title":"Evaluation of a mental test score for assessment of mental impairment in the elderly","volume":"1","author":"Hodkinson","year":"1972","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1002\/1099-1166(200006)15:6<521::AID-GPS182>3.0.CO;2-F","article-title":"Community screening interview for dementia (CSI \u2019D\u2019); performance in five disparate study sites","volume":"15","author":"Hall","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.930010209","article-title":"The challenge of time: Clock-drawing and cognitive function in the elderly","volume":"1","author":"Shulman","year":"1986","journal-title":"International J. Geriatr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1989.tb02233.x","article-title":"Clock drawing in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. A novel measure of dementia severity","volume":"37","author":"Sunderland","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1080\/01688639008400998","article-title":"Object-memory evaluation for prospective detection of dementia in normal functioning elderly: Predictive and normative data","volume":"12","author":"Fuld","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1097\/01.JGP.0000216181.20416.b2","article-title":"What is the best dementia screening instrument for general practitioners to use?","volume":"14","author":"Brodaty","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1002\/1099-1166(200011)15:11<1021::AID-GPS234>3.0.CO;2-6","article-title":"The mini-cog: A cognitive \u201cvital signs\u201d measure for dementia screening in multi-lingual elderly","volume":"15","author":"Borson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.52.2.231","article-title":"Screening for dementia with the memory impairment screen","volume":"52","author":"Buschke","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_109","first-page":"860","article-title":"Utilidad diagn\u00f3stica del Test de las Fotos (Fototest) en deterioro cognitivo y demencia","volume":"22","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurolog\u00eda"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1975.tb00927.x","article-title":"A short portable mental status questionnaire for the assessment of organic brain deficit in elderly patients","volume":"23","author":"Pfeiffer","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329170002691X","article-title":"A short form of the Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (IQCODE): Development and cross-validation","volume":"24","author":"Jorm","year":"1994","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.123.4.467","article-title":"The Set test as an aid to the detection of dementia in old people","volume":"123","author":"Isaacs","year":"1973","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_113","first-page":"25","article-title":"Screening for dementia in community-based memory clinics","volume":"105","author":"Sager","year":"2006","journal-title":"WMJ"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1166(199911)14:11<936::AID-GPS39>3.0.CO;2-1","article-title":"Validation of a 6 item cognitive impairment test with a view to primary care usage","volume":"14","author":"Brooke","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2005.53221.x","article-title":"The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA: A Brief Screening Tool for Mild Cognitive Impairment","volume":"53","author":"Nasreddine","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/aft044","article-title":"Which part of the Quick mild cognitive impairment screen (Qmci) discriminates between normal cognition, mild cognitive impairment and dementia?","volume":"42","author":"Gao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191115602552","article-title":"The Trail Making Test","volume":"24","year":"2017","journal-title":"Assessment"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1971.33.2.575","article-title":"Trail making test results for normal and brain-damaged children","volume":"33","author":"Reitan","year":"1971","journal-title":"Percept. Mot. Skills"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1097\/WAD.0b013e31818ecc98","article-title":"The validity of the Rowland Universal Dementia Assessment Scale (RUDAS) in a multicultural cohort of community-dwelling older persons with early dementia","volume":"23","author":"Basic","year":"2009","journal-title":"Alzheimer Dis. Assoc. Disord."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610204000043","article-title":"The Rowland Universal Dementia Assessment Scale (RUDAS): A multicultural cognitive assessment scale","volume":"16","author":"Storey","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. Psychogeriatr."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2003.021055","article-title":"The seven minute screen: A neurocognitive screening test highly sensitive to various types of dementia","volume":"75","author":"Meulen","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.55.3.349","article-title":"A 7 minute neurocognitive screening battery highly sensitive to Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"55","author":"Solomon","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.2771","article-title":"A systematic review of the accuracy and clinical utility of the Addenbrooke\u2019s Cognitive Examination and the Addenbrooke\u2019s Cognitive Examination-Revised in the diagnosis of dementia","volume":"27","author":"Crawford","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2015.2152","article-title":"Cognitive Tests to Detect Dementia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"175","author":"Tsoi","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.1672","article-title":"Screening for amnestic mild cognitive impairment and early Alzheimer\u2019s disease with M@T (Memory Alteration Test) in the primary care population","volume":"22","author":"Rami","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_126","first-page":"201","article-title":"Preliminary evaluation of a new screening test for dementia (Eurotest)","volume":"38","year":"2004","journal-title":"Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.947","article-title":"Validation of a short cognitive tool for the screening of dementia in elderly people with low educational level","volume":"18","author":"Otero","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1177\/0891988720915513","article-title":"The Utility of Cognitive Screeners in the Detection of Dementia Spectrum Disorders in Spanish-Speaking Populations","volume":"34","author":"Burke","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Geriatr. Psychiatry Neurol."},{"key":"ref_129","first-page":"677","article-title":"Dementia screening in primary care: Critical review","volume":"51","author":"Contador","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nrl.2015.07.009","article-title":"Practical application of brief cognitive tests","volume":"31","author":"Cacho","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurologia"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nrl.2010.12.002","article-title":"Utilidad de los test breves en el cribado de demencia","volume":"26","author":"Villarejo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurolog\u00eda"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2013.03.007","article-title":"Proteinopathies, a core concept for understanding and ultimately treating degenerative disorders?","volume":"25","author":"Bayer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_133","first-page":"781","article-title":"Neuropsychological Assessment in Dementia Diagnosis","volume":"28","author":"Weintraub","year":"2022","journal-title":"Continuum"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2011.03.008","article-title":"The diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer\u2019s Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"7","author":"Albert","year":"2011","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2013.15.4\/hjahn","article-title":"Memory loss in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"15","author":"Jahn","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dialogues Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_136","first-page":"435","article-title":"Lewy Body Dementias: Dementia with Lewy Bodies and Parkinson Disease Dementia","volume":"22","author":"Gomperts","year":"2016","journal-title":"Continuum"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mil\u00e1n-Tom\u00e1s, \u00c1., Fern\u00e1ndez-Matarrubia, M., and Rodr\u00edguez-Oroz, M.C. (2021). Lewy Body Dementias: A Coin with Two Sides?. Behav. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/bs11070094"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024995","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.1024995","article-title":"Characteristics of initial symptoms in patients with dementia with Lewy body disease","volume":"13","author":"Fei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2015.12.015","article-title":"Vascular cognitive impairment and dementia","volume":"1862","author":"Gorelick","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-160522","article-title":"So Close Yet So Far: Executive Contribution to Memory Processing in Behavioral Variant Frontotemporal Dementia","volume":"54","author":"Bertoux","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617716000837","article-title":"Longitudinal Executive Function and Episodic Memory Profiles in Behavioral-Variant Frontotemporal Dementia and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"23","author":"Ramanan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2018.11.002","article-title":"Impairments of attention in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"29","author":"Malhotra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1689","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21507","article-title":"Clinical diagnostic criteria for dementia associated with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"22","author":"Emre","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000004058","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of dementia with Lewy bodies","volume":"89","author":"McKeith","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_145","unstructured":"Luque, M.\u00c1.J., Serrat, M.M.i., and Benito, R.P. (2013). Neuropsicolog\u00eda de las Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Sintesis."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1177\/1533317517725811","article-title":"Utility of Montreal Cognitive Assessment in Differentiating Dementia with Lewy Bodies from Alzheimer\u2019s Dementia","volume":"32","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Alzheimers Dis. Other Demen."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2008.164483","article-title":"Attention deficits in Alzheimer\u2019s disease and vascular dementia","volume":"81","author":"McGuinness","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2456","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awr179","article-title":"Sensitivity of revised diagnostic criteria for the behavioural variant of frontotemporal dementia","volume":"134","author":"Rascovsky","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291714002153","article-title":"Trajectories of cognitive decline in different types of dementia","volume":"45","author":"Smits","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2004.02.046","article-title":"Neuropsychology of cognitive ageing, minimal cognitive impairment, Alzheimer\u2019s disease, and vascular cognitive impairment","volume":"490","author":"Lindeboom","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.3766","article-title":"Semantic memory and language dysfunction in early Alzheimer\u2019s disease: A review","volume":"27","author":"Verma","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15333175221106901","DOI":"10.1177\/15333175221106901","article-title":"The Cognitive and Language Profile of Dementia with Lewy Bodies","volume":"37","author":"Macoir","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Alzheimers Dis. Other Demen."},{"key":"ref_153","first-page":"08919887231195225","article-title":"Language Impairment in Vascular Dementia: A Clinical Review","volume":"37","author":"Macoir","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Geriatr. Psychiatry Neurol."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101866","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2023.101866","article-title":"Impact of dysexecutive syndrome in quality of life in Alzheimer disease: What we know now and where we are headed","volume":"86","author":"Ribas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1111\/psyg.12507","article-title":"Anosognosia in patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Current perspectives","volume":"20","author":"Tagai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychogeriatrics"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1111\/jnp.12028","article-title":"Executive dysfunction in Parkinson\u2019s disease: A review","volume":"7","author":"Dirnberger","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2076","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000009434","article-title":"Cognitive decline profiles differ in Parkinson disease dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies","volume":"94","author":"Smirnov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18003","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2018.3","article-title":"Vascular cognitive impairment","volume":"4","author":"Skoog","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2018.00330","article-title":"Inhibitory Control, Task\/Rule Switching, and Cognitive Planning in Vascular Dementia: Are There Any Differences from Vascular Aging?","volume":"10","author":"Pantsiou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1080\/23279095.2019.1652175","article-title":"Quantitative and qualitative features of executive dysfunction in frontotemporal and Alzheimer\u2019s dementia","volume":"28","author":"Kiselica","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Neuropsychol. Adult"},{"key":"ref_161","first-page":"319","article-title":"El rol de la evaluaci\u00f3n neuropsicol\u00f3gica en el diagn\u00f3stico y en el seguimiento de las demencias","volume":"27","author":"Molina","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Clin. Condes."},{"key":"ref_162","unstructured":"Lezak, M.D., Howieson, D.B., Bigler, E.D., and Tranel, D. (2012). Neuropsychological Assessment, Oxford University Press."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Quental, N.B.M., Brucki, S.M.D., and Bueno, O.F.A. (2013). Visuospatial Function in Early Alzheimer\u2019s Disease\u2014The Use of the Visual Object and Space Perception (VOSP) Battery. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0068398"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/acz046","article-title":"Clinical Utility of Two- and Three-Dimensional Visuoconstructional Tasks in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Early Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"36","author":"Contador","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Clin. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nieto-Escamez, F., Obrero-Gait\u00e1n, E., and Cort\u00e9s-P\u00e9rez, I. (2023). Visual Dysfunction in Parkinson\u2019s Disease. Brain Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13081173"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-2327.128530","article-title":"Visuo-cognitive skill deficits in Alzheimer\u2019s disease and Lewy body disease: A comparative analysis","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Indian. Acad. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.57.4.489","article-title":"Visuoperceptual impairment in dementia with Lewy bodies","volume":"57","author":"Mori","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-2327.168636","article-title":"Study of visuospatial skill in patients with dementia","volume":"19","author":"Pal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Indian. Acad. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-190924","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Disease or Behavioral Variant Frontotemporal Dementia? Review of Key Points Toward an Accurate Clinical and Neuropsychological Diagnosis","volume":"73","author":"Musa","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2019.04.019","article-title":"Visuospatial dysfunction in Alzheimer\u2019s disease and behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia","volume":"402","author":"Salimi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e5960","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.5960","article-title":"Relationships between neuropsychiatric symptoms and cognitive profiles in Alzheimer\u2019s disease and related syndromes","volume":"38","author":"Binns","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1590\/1980-57642018dn12-010006","article-title":"Neuropsychiatric symptoms in vascular dementia: Epidemiologic and clinical aspects","volume":"12","author":"Santos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dement. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2011.10.007","article-title":"National Institute on Aging\u2013Alzheimer\u2019s Association guidelines for the neuropathologic assessment of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"8","author":"Hyman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dementia"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2011.03.005","article-title":"The diagnosis of dementia due to Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer\u2019s Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"7","author":"McKhann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.34.7.939","article-title":"Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Report of the NINCDS-ADRDA Work Group under the auspices of Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"34","author":"McKhann","year":"1984","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000009058","article-title":"Biological subtypes of Alzheimer disease","volume":"94","author":"Ferreira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurop.2022.07.007","article-title":"Neuropsychological profiles and neural correlates in typical and atypical variants of Alzheimer disease: A systematic qualitative review","volume":"3","author":"Cigarroa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurol. Perspect."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2012.08.015","article-title":"Neuropsychology of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"43","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_179","first-page":"363","article-title":"Actualizaci\u00f3n en la Enfermedad de Parkinson","volume":"27","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Clin. Condes"},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.55.3.181","article-title":"Accuracy of clinical diagnosis of idiopathic Parkinson\u2019s disease: A clinico-pathological study of 100 cases","volume":"55","author":"Hughes","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100049","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crbeha.2021.100049","article-title":"Non-motor symptoms in Parkinson\u2019s disease: Opening new avenues in treatment","volume":"2","author":"Gupta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Res. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16759","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-21093-8","article-title":"High risk of developing dementia in Parkinson\u2019s disease: A Swedish registry-based study","volume":"12","author":"Simonsen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2017.01.012","article-title":"Dementia in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"374","author":"Hanagasi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1464","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27802","article-title":"Update of the MDS research criteria for prodromal Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"34","author":"Heinzel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2012.00088","article-title":"Cognitive Impairment and Dementia in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Clinical Features, Diagnosis, and Management","volume":"3","author":"Meireles","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000091864.39702.1C","article-title":"Assessment of cognition in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"61","author":"Marinus","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22007","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease-cognitive rating scale: A new cognitive scale specific for Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"23","author":"Pagonabarraga","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-019-0306-8","article-title":"Dementia with Lewy bodies: An update and outlook","volume":"14","author":"Outeiro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Neurodegener."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jellinger, K.A., and Korczyn, A.D. (2018). Are dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson\u2019s disease dementia the same disease?. BMC Med., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-018-1016-8"},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2007.03.001","article-title":"Dementia with Lewy bodies","volume":"25","author":"Ferman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurol. Clin."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.177.3.252","article-title":"The Clinician Assessment of Fluctuation and the One Day Fluctuation Assessment Scale. Two methods to assess fluctuating confusion in dementia","volume":"177","author":"Walker","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1177\/1533317515603359","article-title":"Assessing Fluctuating Cognition in Dementia Diagnosis: Interrater Reliability of the Clinician Assessment of Fluctuation","volume":"31","author":"Towns","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Alzheimers Dis. Other Demen."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2023.101557","article-title":"Vascular dementia subtypes, pathophysiology, genetics, neuroimaging, biomarkers, and treatment updates along with its association with Alzheimer\u2019s dementia and diabetes mellitus","volume":"69","author":"Prajjwal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dis. Mon."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-804766-8.00020-0","article-title":"Vascular cognitive impairment: A preventable component of dementia","volume":"167","author":"Azarpazhooh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Handb. Clin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.04.034","article-title":"Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Dementia","volume":"73","author":"Iadecola","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2016.09.015","article-title":"Mixed neuropathologies and estimated rates of clinical progression in a large autopsy sample","volume":"13","author":"Brenowitz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.43.2.250","article-title":"Vascular dementia: Diagnostic criteria for research studies. Report of the NINDS-AIREN International Workshop","volume":"43","author":"Tatemichi","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2017.09.007","article-title":"Progress toward standardized diagnosis of vascular cognitive impairment: Guidelines from the Vascular Impairment of Cognition Classification Consensus Study","volume":"14","author":"Skrobot","year":"2018","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267434","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2023.1267434","article-title":"Neuropsychological differential diagnosis of Alzheimer\u2019s disease and vascular dementia: A systematic review with meta-regressions","volume":"15","author":"Hofmann","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1080\/13803395.2023.2270204","article-title":"Semantic clustering fon common list-learning tasks: A systematic review of the state of the literature and recommendations for future directions","volume":"45","author":"Bair","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1207\/s15324826an1304_2","article-title":"Semantic clustering indexes for the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised: Initial exploration in elder control and dementia groups","volume":"13","author":"Gaines","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.5136","article-title":"Cognitive screening instruments to identify vascular cognitive impairment: A systematic review","volume":"34","author":"Ghafar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1590\/S1980-57642011DN05040004","article-title":"Vascular dementia: Cognitive, functional and behavioral assessment. Recommendations of the Scientific Department of Cognitive Neurology and Aging of the Brazilian Academy of Neurology. Part II","volume":"5","author":"Engelhardt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dement. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1975.00490510088009","article-title":"Cerebral blood flow in dementia","volume":"32","author":"Hachinski","year":"1975","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cnur.2019.04.011","article-title":"Understanding Frontotemporal Disease Progression and Management Strategies","volume":"54","author":"Mulkey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nurs. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.3109\/09540261.2012.743877","article-title":"Phenotypic variety in the presentation of frontotemporal lobar degeneration","volume":"25","author":"Shinagawa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2003.033779","article-title":"Qualitative neuropsychological performance characteristics in frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"76","author":"Thompson","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acn.2007.01.024","article-title":"The Ekman 60 Faces Test as a diagnostic instrument in frontotemporal dementia","volume":"22","author":"Pohl","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch. Clin. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awp041","article-title":"A neuropsychological battery to detect specific executive and social cognitive impairments in early frontotemporal dementia","volume":"132","author":"Torralva","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2015-311917","article-title":"FRONTIER Executive Screen: A brief executive battery to differentiate frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"87","author":"Leslie","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617710000482","article-title":"Utility of an abbreviated version of the executive and social cognition battery in the detection of executive deficits in early behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia patients","volume":"16","author":"Gleichgerrcht","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.55.11.1621","article-title":"The FAB: A Frontal Assessment Battery at bedside","volume":"55","author":"Dubois","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2023.104629","article-title":"Predictors of progression from subjective cognitive decline to objective cognitive impairment: A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies","volume":"149","author":"An","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Nurs. Stud."},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-200882","article-title":"Distinct Profile Differences in Subjective Cognitive Decline in the General Public Are Associated with Metacognition, Negative Affective Symptoms, Neuroticism, Stress, and Poor Quality of Life","volume":"80","author":"Jenkins","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2010-100972","article-title":"A population-based study of cognitive function in older people with subjective memory complaints","volume":"22","author":"Mitchell","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_216","first-page":"e12287","article-title":"Subjective cognitive decline and self-reported sleep problems: The SCIENCe project","volume":"14","author":"Exalto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2020.106279","article-title":"Cross-sectional association between physical activity level and subjective cognitive decline among US adults aged \u226545 years, 2015","volume":"141","author":"Omura","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2020.08.005","article-title":"Subjective Cognitive Decline, Cognitive Reserve Indicators, and the Incidence of Dementia","volume":"22","author":"Jia","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3266","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-023-04534-z","article-title":"Influence of cognitive reserve on neuropsychological performance in subjective cognitive decline and mild cognitive impairment older adults","volume":"43","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4356","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-83428-1","article-title":"Comparing different approaches for operationalizing subjective cognitive decline: Impact on syndromic and biomarker profiles","volume":"11","author":"Ferreira","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617717001060","article-title":"Neuropsychological Assessment: Past and Future","volume":"23","author":"Casaletto","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617719000894","article-title":"A Systematic Review of Neuropsychological Tests for the Assessment of Dementia in Non-Western, Low-Educated or Illiterate Populations","volume":"26","author":"Franzen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1080\/13854046.2021.1981456","article-title":"Cross-cultural neuropsychological assessment in Europe: Position statement of the European Consortium on Cross-Cultural Neuropsychology (ECCroN)","volume":"36","author":"Franzen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1080\/13854046.2018.1552762","article-title":"Current limitations of neuropsychological tests and assessment procedures","volume":"33","author":"Howieson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref_225","unstructured":"Prince, M., Bryce, R., and Ferri, C. (2011). World Alzheimer Report 2011: The Benefits of Early Diagnosis and Intervention, Alzheimer\u2019s Disease International."},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1190604","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1190604","article-title":"Mapping new pharmacological interventions for cognitive function in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: A systematic review of randomized clinical trials","volume":"14","author":"Lou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miculas, D.C., Negru, P.A., Bungau, S.G., Behl, T., Hassan, S.S.U., and Tit, D.M. (2022). Pharmacotherapy Evolution in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Current Framework and Relevant Directions. Cells, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12010131"},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00472","article-title":"Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials on the Efficacy and Safety of Donepezil, Galantamine, Rivastigmine, and Memantine for the Treatment of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1007\/s40266-019-00648-x","article-title":"Ginkgo biloba Extract (EGb761), Cholinesterase Inhibitors, and Memantine for the Treatment of Mild-to-Moderate Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: A Network Meta-Analysis","volume":"36","author":"Thancharoen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drugs Aging"},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-023-01405-0","article-title":"Anti-Amyloid Immunotherapies for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: A 2023 Clinical Update","volume":"20","author":"Yadollahikhales","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reiss, A.B., Muhieddine, D., Jacob, B., Mesbah, M., Pinkhasov, A., Gomolin, I.H., Stecker, M.M., Wisniewski, T., and De Leon, J. (2023). Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Treatment: The Search for a Breakthrough. Medicina, 59.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina59061084"},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101452","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1101452","article-title":"Advances in Alzheimer\u2019s disease\u2019s pharmacological treatment","volume":"14","author":"Loss","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.7326\/M17-1529","article-title":"Pharmacologic Interventions to Prevent Cognitive Decline, Mild Cognitive Impairment, and Clinical Alzheimer-Type Dementia: A Systematic Review","volume":"168","author":"Fink","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_234","first-page":"102","article-title":"Pharmacological Treatment of Mild Cognitive Impairment as a Prodromal Syndrome of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"11","author":"Karakaya","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"ref_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1159\/000316119","article-title":"Nonpharmacological therapies in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: A systematic review of efficacy","volume":"30","author":"Reisberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Disord."},{"key":"ref_236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1177\/153331759901400101","article-title":"Delays in the diagnosis of dementia: Perspectives of family caregivers","volume":"14","author":"Boise","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"ref_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12271","DOI":"10.1002\/trc2.12271","article-title":"Frequency of missed or delayed diagnosis in dementia is associated with neighborhood socioeconomic status","volume":"8","author":"Holm","year":"2022","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement. Transl. Res. Clin. Interv."},{"key":"ref_238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23337214231213185","DOI":"10.1177\/23337214231213185","article-title":"Risks and Benefits of Clinical Diagnosis Around the Time of Dementia Onset","volume":"9","author":"Power","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gerontol. Geriatr. Med."},{"key":"ref_239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-019-1161-6","article-title":"The Changing Profile of Patients in a Geriatric Medicine Led Memory Clinic over 12 Years","volume":"23","author":"Chua","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"ref_240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2012.00073","article-title":"Behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia","volume":"3","author":"Cerejeira","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227261","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1227261","article-title":"Research on digital tool in cognitive assessment: A bibliometric analysis","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1080\/13854046.2018.1535662","article-title":"Digital neuropsychology: Challenges and opportunities at the intersection of science and software","volume":"33","author":"Germine","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref_243","first-page":"CD013724","article-title":"Diagnostic test accuracy of remote, multidomain cognitive assessment (telephone and video call) for dementia","volume":"4","author":"Beishon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000001192","article-title":"Web-based cognitive assessment in older adults: Where do we stand?","volume":"36","author":"Belleville","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12365","article-title":"Harmonizing neuropsychological assessment for mild neurocognitive disorders in Europe","volume":"18","author":"Boccardi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref_246","unstructured":"(2024, May 28). Artificial Intelligence in Neuropsychology: The Promise of Reinforcement Learning. Available online: https:\/\/theaacn.org\/disruptive-technology-initiative\/artificial-intelligence-in-neuropsychology-the-promise-of-reinforcement-learning\/."},{"key":"ref_247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Veneziani, I., Marra, A., Formica, C., Grimaldi, A., Marino, S., Quartarone, A., and Maresca, G. (2024). Applications of Artificial Intelligence in the Neuropsychological Assessment of Dementia: A Systematic Review. J. Pers. Med., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm14010113"},{"key":"ref_248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5885","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13412","article-title":"Artificial intelligence for diagnostic and prognostic neuroimaging in dementia: A systematic review","volume":"19","author":"Borchert","year":"2023","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref_249","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bazarbekov, I., Razaque, A., Ipalakova, M., Yoo, J., Assipova, Z., and Almisreb, A. (2024). A review of artificial intelligence methods for Alzheimer\u2019s disease diagnosis: Insights from neuroimaging to sensor data analysis. Biomed. Signal Process. Control., 92.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2024.106023"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/13\/12\/3442\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:57:37Z","timestamp":1760108257000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/13\/12\/3442"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,12]]},"references-count":249,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm13123442"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm13123442","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,12]]}}}