{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T17:58:01Z","timestamp":1792173481392,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,13]],"date-time":"2024-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718236800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: This study is a Narrative Review that aims at investigating the implications of obesity, excessive gestational weight gain (GWG) and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Additionally, this Review seeks to explore the effectiveness of nutrition, and\/or exercise interventions during pregnancy on reducing GWG and preventing GDM. Materials and Methods: The search in literature included studies that identified obesity, GWG, GDM and associated risks during pregnancy. Also, SR and MA focusing on interventions including diet, or physical activity (PA), or combined (i.e., lifestyle interventions) and their impact on metabolic risk during pregnancy, were identified through searches in PubMed, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (CDSRs), and Scopus. Results: The study findings suggest that lifestyle interventions during pregnancy may be effective in reducing excessive GWG. Regarding the prevention of GDM, results from studies evaluating lifestyle interventions vary. However, significant and less controversial results were reported from studies assessing the efficacy of exercise interventions, particularly in high-risk pregnant women. Conclusions: Lifestyle interventions during pregnancy may reduce excessive GWG. Exercise during pregnancy may prevent GDM, especially in high-risk pregnant women. Future research is warranted to tailor lifestyle interventions for optimal effectiveness during pregnancy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13123462","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,13]],"date-time":"2024-06-13T10:41:03Z","timestamp":1718275263000},"page":"3462","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Gestational Metabolic Risk: A Narrative Review of Pregnancy-Related Complications and of the Effectiveness of Dietary, Exercise and Lifestyle Interventions during Pregnancy on Reducing Gestational Weight Gain and Preventing Gestational Diabetes Mellitus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Georgios I.","family":"Tsironikos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Ioannina, University Campus, 45110 Ioannina, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4444-0967","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George E.","family":"Zakynthinos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3rd Department of Cardiology, \u201cSotiria\u201d Chest Diseases Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7652-6592","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Athina","family":"Tatsioni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research for General Medicine and Primary Health Care, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ioannina, University Campus, 45110 Ioannina, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2412-5388","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vasiliki","family":"Tsolaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Critical Care, University Hospital of Larissa, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Mezourlo, 41335 Larissa, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7959-6112","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iraklis-Georgios","family":"Kagias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust, Brighton BN2 5BE, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petros","family":"Potamianos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital of Larissa, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Mezourlo, 41335 Larissa, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Bargiota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine-Endocrinology, University Hospital of Larissa, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Mezourlo, 41335 Larissa, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(15)00227-2","article-title":"Effect of a behavioural intervention in obese pregnant women (the UPBEAT study): A multicentre, randomised controlled trial","volume":"3","author":"Poston","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.2337\/dc15-0511","article-title":"Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Can Be Prevented by Lifestyle Intervention: The Finnish Gestational Diabetes Prevention Study (RADIEL)","volume":"39","author":"Koivusalo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000141","article-title":"Pilot Walking Program Promotes Moderate-Intensity Physical Activity during Pregnancy","volume":"46","author":"Kong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med. 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