{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T21:19:54Z","timestamp":1789507194081,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,14]],"date-time":"2024-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718323200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Poland"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: SARS-CoV-2 continually mutates, with five identified variants. Many neurological manifestations were observed during the COVID-19 pandemic, with differences between virus variants. The aim of this study is to assess the frequency and characteristics of neurological manifestations during COVID-19 in hospitalized patients over three waves in Poland with comparison and analysis correlation with the course of infection. Methods: This retrospective single-center study included 600 consecutive adults with confirmed COVID-19, hospitalized during 3 waves (pre-Delta, Delta and Omicron) in Poland. Demographic and clinical information and neurological manifestations were collected and compared across three periods. Results: The median age of the study group was 68, lower during the Delta wave. In the Omicron period, the disease severity at admission and inflammatory markers concentration were the lowest. Neurological manifestations were observed in 49%. The most common were altered mentation, headache, myalgia, mood disorder, ischemic stroke and encephalopathy. Smell and taste disturbances (STDs) were less frequent in the Omicron period. Neurological complications were predominant in the pre-Delta and Omicron periods. Ischemic stroke was observed more often in pre-Delta period. Altered mentation was related to higher severity at admission, worse lab test results, higher admission to ICU and mortality, while headache reduced mortality. Pre-existing dementia was related to higher mortality. Conclusions: Neurological manifestations of COVID-19 are frequent, with a lower rate of STDs in the Omicron period and more often cerebrovascular diseases in the pre-Delta period. Headache improves the course of COVID-19, while altered mentation, stroke and neurological comorbidities increase severity and mortality.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13123477","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,14]],"date-time":"2024-06-14T08:02:26Z","timestamp":1718352146000},"page":"3477","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Complexity and Diversity of the Neurological Spectrum of SARS-CoV-2 over Three Waves of COVID-19"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Justyna","family":"Jachman-Kapu\u0142ka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"6th Department of Internal Medicine and Rheumatology, J. Gromkowski Specialist Regional Hospital, 51-149 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4725-123X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksander","family":"Zi\u0144czuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Infectious Diseases, J. Gromkowski Specialist Regional Hospital, 51-149 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6605-6718","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wojciech","family":"Szyma\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Infectious Diseases, J. Gromkowski Specialist Regional Hospital, 51-149 Wroclaw, Poland"},{"name":"Clinical Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-369 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Simon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Infectious Diseases, J. Gromkowski Specialist Regional Hospital, 51-149 Wroclaw, Poland"},{"name":"Clinical Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-369 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5318-4945","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Rorat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social Sciences and Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, A., Singh, R., Kaur, J., Pandey, S., Sharma, V., Thakur, L., Sati, S., Mani, S., Asthana, S., and Sharma, T.K. (2021). Wuhan to World: The COVID-19 Pandemic. Front. Cell. Infect. 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