{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:43:02Z","timestamp":1760110982795,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,14]],"date-time":"2024-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718323200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>According to current guidelines, only clinical surveillance is recommended for patients with moderate aortic valve stenosis (AS), while aortic valve replacement may be considered in patients undergoing surgery for other indications. Recent studies have shown that moderate AS is associated with a high risk of adverse cardiovascular events, including death, especially in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. In this context, multimodality imaging can help to improve the accuracy of moderate AS diagnosis and to assess left ventricular remodeling response. This review discusses the natural history of this valve disease and the role of multimodality imaging in the diagnostic process, summarizes current evidence on the medical and non-medical management, and highlights ongoing trials on valve replacement.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13123478","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,14]],"date-time":"2024-06-14T08:02:26Z","timestamp":1718352146000},"page":"3478","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Unraveling the Enigma of Moderate Aortic Stenosis: Challenges and Future Prospects"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Gloria","family":"Santangelo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardio-Thoracic-Vascular Diseases, Foundation IRCCS Ca\u2019Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabriele","family":"Tumminello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardio-Thoracic-Vascular Diseases, Foundation IRCCS Ca\u2019Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lucia","family":"Barbieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardio-Thoracic-Vascular Diseases, Foundation IRCCS Ca\u2019Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-2324-871X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulio Pio Federico","family":"Mallardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardio-Thoracic-Vascular Diseases, Foundation IRCCS Ca\u2019Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3247-3203","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Faggiano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardio-Thoracic-Vascular Diseases, Foundation IRCCS Ca\u2019Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8389-7575","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"Moscardelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Department of Health Sciences, San Paolo Hospital, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Rossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ospedale Magalini, 37069 Villafranca, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fabiana","family":"Cozza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiothoracic Department Unit, Fondazione Poliambulanza, 25124 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Carugo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardio-Thoracic-Vascular Diseases, Foundation IRCCS Ca\u2019Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7997-6908","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pompilio","family":"Faggiano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiothoracic Department Unit, Fondazione Poliambulanza, 25124 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjci\/jew335","article-title":"Recommendations on the echocardiographic assessment of aortic valve stenosis: A focused update from the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging and the American Society of Echocardiography","volume":"18","author":"Baumgartner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. 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