{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T08:44:17Z","timestamp":1780735457626,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":184,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,22]],"date-time":"2024-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719014400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This comprehensive review examines the complex relationship between sleep disorders and rheumatic diseases, supported by findings from the latest research articles. It encompasses various rheumatic conditions, including rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and systemic sclerosis. The review reveals the bidirectional relationship between sleep disorders and these diseases, emphasizing their impact on disease progression and quality of life. Conventional and alternative therapeutic interventions for connective tissue diseases are presented, focusing on improving sleep quality and alleviating rheumatic symptoms. The role of pro-inflammatory cytokines and their potential modulation through pharmacological agents is also discussed. In the treatment of sleep disorders, various options are proposed, such as cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia, physical activity, dietary modifications, and alternative approaches like reflexology and acupuncture. Thus, this review offers a nuanced understanding of the connection between sleep disorders and rheumatic diseases, supported by evidence from diverse studies. Such an approach is particularly important because it enhances sleep quality for overall patient well-being in the holistic management of rheumatic conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13133656","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,24]],"date-time":"2024-06-24T06:59:58Z","timestamp":1719212398000},"page":"3656","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Sleep Disorders in Connective Tissue Diseases\u2014Coexisting Diseases or Disease Components?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9905-783X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hanna","family":"Cholerzy\u0144ska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, Rehabilitation and Internal Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9329-3495","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wiktoria","family":"Zasada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, Rehabilitation and Internal Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Tselios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3438-0764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bogna","family":"Grygiel-G\u00f3rniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, Rehabilitation and Internal Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61499-3","article-title":"Clinical Aspects of Autoimmune Rheumatic Diseases","volume":"382","author":"Goldblatt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2019.101434","article-title":"Sleep and Rheumatic Diseases","volume":"33","author":"Boeselt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.22237","article-title":"Discordance of Global Estimates by Patients and Their Physicians in Usual Care of Many Rheumatic Diseases: Association with 5 Scores on a Multidimensional Health Assessment Questionnaire (MDHAQ) That Are Not Found on the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ)","volume":"66","author":"Yazici","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6377","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-20142-y","article-title":"Quantifying and Addressing the Prevalence and Bias of Study Designs in the Environmental and Social Sciences","volume":"11","author":"Christie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santilli, M., Manciocchi, E., D\u2019Addazio, G., Di Maria, E., D\u2019Attilio, M., Femminella, B., and Sinjari, B. (2021). Prevalence of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome: A Single-Center Retrospective Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph181910277"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-020-04634-0","article-title":"Trends in Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies: Cross-Sectional Data from the German National Database","volume":"40","author":"Albrecht","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rheumatol. Int."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"doy136","DOI":"10.1093\/dote\/doy136","article-title":"The Impact of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Symptoms in Scleroderma: Effects on Sleep Quality","volume":"32","author":"Umar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dis. Esophagus"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keq310","article-title":"Frequency and Impact of Symptoms Experienced by Patients with Systemic Sclerosis: Results from a Canadian National Survey","volume":"50","author":"Bassel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/S1389-9457(02)00013-8","article-title":"Sleep Disruption in Systemic Sclerosis (Scleroderma) Patients: Clinical and Polysomnographic Findings","volume":"3","author":"Prado","year":"2002","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Urashima, K., Ichinose, K., Kondo, H., Maeda, T., Kawakami, A., and Ozawa, H. (2020). The Prevalence of Insomnia and Restless Legs Syndrome among Japanese Outpatients with Rheumatic Disease: A Cross-Sectional Study. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0230273"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.24999","article-title":"Sleep Disorders among Individuals with Rheumatoid Arthritis","volume":"75","author":"Katz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e002022","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2021-002022","article-title":"Comprehensive Assessment of Multimorbidity Burden in a Population-Based Cohort of Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis","volume":"8","author":"Crowson","year":"2022","journal-title":"RMD Open"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.8036","article-title":"Individuals With Scleroderma May Have Increased Risk of Sleep-Disordered Breathing","volume":"15","author":"Nokes","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-020-02080-7","article-title":"Increased Frequency of Obstructive Sleep Apnea in the Patients with Systemic Sclerosis","volume":"25","author":"Gundogdu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sleep Breath."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1007\/s00393-013-1145-6","article-title":"Restless Legs Syndrome in Patients with Systemic Sclerosis. Prevalence and Possible Causes","volume":"72","author":"Ostojic","year":"2013","journal-title":"Z. F\u00fcr Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1350","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203314540762","article-title":"Poor Sleep Quality in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Does It Depend on Depressive Symptoms?","volume":"23","author":"Palagini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.31138\/mjr.32.2.148","article-title":"A Survey on Sleep Disorders and Related Hormones in Patients with Newly Diagnosed Systemic Lupus Erythematosus","volume":"32","author":"Sahebari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mediterr. J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1097\/RHU.0b013e31827cd20d","article-title":"Correlates of Sleep Abnormalities in Systemic Lupus: A Cross-Sectional Survey in an Urban, Academic Center","volume":"19","author":"Vina","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2021.10234","article-title":"Restless Legs Syndrome in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Case-Control Study","volume":"22","author":"Enache","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13176","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-17354-1","article-title":"The Interplay between Cognition, Depression, Anxiety, and Sleep in Primary Sjogren\u2019s Syndrome Patients","volume":"12","author":"Goulabchand","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keq023","article-title":"Sleepiness or Fatigue? Can We Detect Treatable Causes of Tiredness in Primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s Syndrome?","volume":"49","author":"Theander","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rheumatololgy"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S76","DOI":"10.37765\/ajmc.2020.42769","article-title":"Insomnia Overview: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Monitoring, and Nonpharmacologic Therapy","volume":"26","author":"Dopheide","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Manag. Care"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Bjorvatn, B., Wensaas, K.-A., Emberland, K.E., Fadnes, L.T., Litleskare, S., Diaz, E., Ruths, S., R\u00f8rtveit, G., and Waage, S. (2021). Restless legs syndrome\u2014A study from general practice. Tidsskr. Den Nor. Legeforening, 141."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"343","article-title":"The Pathogenesis of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus","volume":"61","author":"Manson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neth. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, Y.-J., Anzaghe, M., and Sch\u00fclke, S. (2020). Update on the Pathomechanism, Diagnosis, and Treatment Options for Rheumatoid Arthritis. Cells, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9040880"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2048","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2013-203447","article-title":"Predominantly Proinflammatory Cytokines Decrease after B Cell Depletion Therapy in Patients with Primary Sjogren\u2019s Syndrome","volume":"72","author":"Pollard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2004.02.001","article-title":"Nocturnal Proinflammatory Cytokine-Associated Sleep Disturbances in Abstinent African American Alcoholics","volume":"18","author":"Irwin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.11607\/ofph.1367","article-title":"Inflammatory Cytokines and Sleep Disturbance in Patients with Temporomandibular Disorders","volume":"30","author":"Park","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Oral Facial Pain Headache"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E107","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.24412","article-title":"Antisomnogenic Cytokines, Quality of Life, and Chronic Rhinosinusitis: A Pilot Study","volume":"124","author":"Alt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.2147\/NSS.S310698","article-title":"Relationships Between a Range of Inflammatory Biomarkers and Subjective Sleep Quality in Chronic Insomnia Patients: A Clinical Study","volume":"13","author":"Xia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Sci. Sleep"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kes210","article-title":"Obstructive Sleep Apnoea in Relation to Rheumatic Disease","volume":"52","author":"Nair","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13035","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.13035","article-title":"Interleukin 6 as a Marker of Depression in Women with Sleep Apnea","volume":"30","author":"Gozal","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Sleep Res."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"6939","article-title":"Obstructive Sleep Apnea, Oxidative Stress, Inflammation and Endothelial Dysfunction\u2014An Overview of Predictive Laboratory Biomarkers","volume":"24","author":"Storari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"545","article-title":"The Utility of Proinflammatory Markers in Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea. Sleep Breath","volume":"25","author":"Wali","year":"2021","journal-title":"Schlaf Atm."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2016.08.1438","article-title":"Tumor Cell Malignant Properties Are Enhanced by Circulating Exosomes in Sleep Apnea","volume":"150","author":"Almendros","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2012.03.002","article-title":"Obstructive Sleep Apnea and the Risk of Autoimmune Diseases: A Longitudinal Population-Based Study","volume":"13","author":"Kang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2020.08.033","article-title":"Excessive Daytime Sleepiness: A Clinical Review","volume":"96","author":"Gandhi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.82.5.3950","article-title":"Elevation of Plasma Cytokines in Disorders of Excessive Daytime Sleepiness: Role of Sleep Disturbance and Obesity","volume":"82","author":"Vgontzas","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2014.06.023","article-title":"Increased Plasma IL-6, IL-8, TNF-Alpha, and G-CSF in Japanese Narcolepsy","volume":"75","author":"Tanaka","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2603","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.84.8.5894","article-title":"Circadian Interleukin-6 Secretion and Quantity and Depth of Sleep","volume":"84","author":"Vgontzas","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.202006-696FR","article-title":"Excessive Daytime Sleepiness in Obstructive Sleep Apnea. Mechanisms and Clinical Management","volume":"18","author":"Lal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Am. Thorac. Soc."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.3114","article-title":"Obstructive Sleep Apnea, Excessive Daytime Sleepiness, and Morning Plasma TNF-\u03b1 Levels in Greek Children","volume":"36","author":"Alexopoulos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-007-0100-7","article-title":"Inflammatory Proteins in Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea with and without Daytime Sleepiness","volume":"11","author":"Bravo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sleep Breath."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.6836","article-title":"Dissociation of Objective and Subjective Daytime Sleepiness and Biomarkers of Systemic Inflammation in Sleep-Disordered Breathing and Systolic Heart Failure","volume":"13","author":"Mehra","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2010.07.032","article-title":"TNF-\u03b1 Gene Polymorphisms and Excessive Daytime Sleepiness in Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea","volume":"158","author":"Khalyfa","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Behboudi, A., Thelander, T., Yazici, D., Celik, Y., Yucel-Lindberg, T., Thunstr\u00f6m, E., and Peker, Y. (2021). Association of TNF-\u03b1 (-308G\/A) Gene Polymorphism with Circulating TNF-\u03b1 Levels and Excessive Daytime Sleepiness in Adults with Coronary Artery Disease and Concomitant Obstructive Sleep Apnea. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10153413"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.4103\/jnrp.jnrp_159_18","article-title":"Serum Interleukin-6 Is Not Linked with Sleep-Quality, Restless Legs Syndrome, and Depression, But with 6-Month Survival in Hematological Malignancies","volume":"10","author":"Chandra","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Rural Pract."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-020-02218-7","article-title":"Circulating Levels of Cytokines Are Increased in Restless Legs Syndrome","volume":"25","author":"Uslu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sleep Breath."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.06.003","article-title":"Elevated C-Reactive Protein Is Associated with Severe Periodic Leg Movements of Sleep in Patients with Restless Legs Syndrome","volume":"26","author":"Trotti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain. Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2015.03.025","article-title":"Association of Restless Legs Syndrome with Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis","volume":"16","author":"Higuchi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2018.09.008","article-title":"Elevation of Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Levels Is Associated with Restless Legs Symptoms in Clinically Depressed Patients","volume":"115","author":"Auvinen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1177\/1099800413478827","article-title":"Polymorphisms of Interleukin-1 Beta and Interleukin-17Alpha Genes Are Associated with Restless Legs Syndrome","volume":"16","author":"Hennessy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biol. Res. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3190","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.14116","article-title":"New Perspectives on the Role of Melatonin in Human Sleep, Circadian Rhythms and Their Regulation","volume":"175","author":"Zisapel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"3597","article-title":"Effects of Sleep and Sleep Deprivation on Interleukin-6, Growth Hormone, Cortisol, and Melatonin Levels in Humans","volume":"85","author":"Redwine","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MacDonald, I.J., Huang, C.-C., Liu, S.-C., and Tang, C.-H. (2020). Reconsidering the Role of Melatonin in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21082877"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1999.tb07645.x","article-title":"Melatonin Influences Interleukin-12 and Nitric Oxide Production by Primary Cultures of Rheumatoid Synovial Macrophages and THP-1 Cells","volume":"876","author":"Cutolo","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-010-1641-9","article-title":"Melatonin Attenuates Clock Gene Cryptochrome1, Which May Aggravate Mouse Anti-Type II Collagen Antibody-Induced Arthritis","volume":"32","author":"Bang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rheumatol. Int."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3591","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-021-05670-2","article-title":"Effects of Melatonin Supplementation on Disease Activity, Oxidative Stress, Inflammatory, and Metabolic Parameters in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial","volume":"40","author":"Esalatmanesh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1111\/jre.12619","article-title":"Is Dietary Melatonin Supplementation a Viable Adjunctive Therapy for Chronic Periodontitis?-A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial","volume":"54","author":"Elmeadawy","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Periodontal Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Weng, X., Wei, M., Yu, S., Ding, Y., and Cheng, B. (2022). Melatonin Regulates the Immune Response and Improves Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s Syndrome-like Symptoms in NOD\/Ltj Mice. Biochem. Pharmacol., 201.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2022.115073"},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"e14246","article-title":"Effects of Melatonin Supplementation on Serum Oxidative Stress Markers and Disease Activity in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients: A Randomised, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial","volume":"75","author":"Ghorbanihaghjo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5935","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2019-00449","article-title":"Continuous Free Cortisol Profiles-Circadian Rhythms in Healthy Men","volume":"104","author":"Bhake","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.3109\/07420528.2012.699356","article-title":"Circadian Phase, Sleepiness, and Light Exposure Assessment in Night Workers with and without Shift Work Disorder","volume":"29","author":"Gumenyuk","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chronobiol. Int."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"277","article-title":"Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Function in Patients with Active Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Controlled Study Using Insulin Hypoglycemia Stress Test and Prolactin Stimulation","volume":"26","author":"Rodriguez","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1366.018","article-title":"Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Function in Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s Syndrome: Mechanisms of Neuroendocrine and Immune System Homeostasis","volume":"1088","author":"Johnson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pham, G.S., and Mathis, K.W. (2018). Lipopolysaccharide Challenge Reveals Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Dysfunction in Murine Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Brain Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci8100184"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1159\/000475714","article-title":"Inflammation Is an Important Covariate for the Crosstalk of Sleep and the HPA Axis in Rheumatoid Arthritis","volume":"24","author":"Straub","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroimmunomodulation"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.82.4.3852","article-title":"Circadian Relationships between Interleukin (IL)-6 and Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Hormones: Failure of IL-6 to Cause Sustained Hypercortisolism in Patients with Early Untreated Rheumatoid Arthritis","volume":"82","author":"Crofford","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2861","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-4254","article-title":"Adverse Effects of Two Nights of Sleep Restriction on the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis in Healthy Men","volume":"99","author":"Guyon","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2018.03.010","article-title":"Sleep Duration, Obesity and Insulin Resistance in a Multi-Ethnic UK Population at High Risk of Diabetes","volume":"139","author":"Brady","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1931","DOI":"10.1007\/s11695-017-3104-9","article-title":"Systemic Inflammation in Severe Obese Patients Undergoing Surgery for Obesity and Weight-Related Diseases","volume":"28","author":"Freitas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Obes. Surg."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-1303","article-title":"Human Visfatin Expression: Relationship to Insulin Sensitivity, Intramyocellular Lipids, and Inflammation","volume":"92","author":"Varma","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.01.038","article-title":"Effects of Experimental Sleep Restriction on Energy Intake, Energy Expenditure, and Visceral Obesity","volume":"79","author":"Covassin","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"318","article-title":"Metabolic Syndrome In Young Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients","volume":"32","author":"Shaikh","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ayub Med. Coll. Abbottabad"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedn.2022.09.017","article-title":"Sleep Impairments and Quality of Life in Thai Adolescents with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus","volume":"67","author":"Yottasan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-6215-14-235","article-title":"Effects of Exercise and Diet Interventions on Obesity-Related Sleep Disorders in Men: Study Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"14","author":"Tan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saidi, O., Rochette, E., Del Sordo, G., Dor\u00e9, \u00c9., Merlin, \u00c9., Walrand, S., and Duch\u00e9, P. (2021). Eucaloric Balanced Diet Improved Objective Sleep in Adolescents with Obesity. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13103550"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guagnano, M.T., D\u2019Angelo, C., Caniglia, D., Di Giovanni, P., Celletti, E., Sabatini, E., Speranza, L., Bucci, M., Cipollone, F., and Paganelli, R. (2021). Improvement of Inflammation and Pain after Three Months\u2019 Exclusion Diet in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13103535"},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"143","article-title":"Obesity, Inflammation and Diet. Pediatr. Gastroenterol","volume":"16","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hepatol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-020-00536-0","article-title":"A Pro-Inflammatory Diet Increases the Likelihood of Obesity and Overweight in Adolescent Boys: A Case\u2013Control Study","volume":"12","author":"Vahid","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetol. Metab. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1996.80.1.14","article-title":"Sleep in Monozygotic Twin Pairs Discordant for Obesity","volume":"80","author":"Kronholm","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-21-1025","article-title":"Effect of Obstructive Sleep Apnea on Glucose Metabolism","volume":"186","author":"Koh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, J., Kim, Y.-S., and Park, S.-H. (2021). Metformin as a Treatment Strategy for Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s Syndrome. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22137231"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gharib, M., Elbaz, W., Darweesh, E., Sabri, N.A., and Shawki, M.A. (2021). Efficacy and Safety of Metformin Use in Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Randomized Controlled Study. Front. Pharmacol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.726490"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3804","DOI":"10.1002\/art.20731","article-title":"Dietary Risk Factors for the Development of Inflammatory Polyarthritis: Evidence for a Role of High Level of Red Meat Consumption","volume":"50","author":"Pattison","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2901","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-016-3383-x","article-title":"Dietary Intake and Risk of Rheumatoid Arthritis\u2014A Cross Section Multicenter Study","volume":"35","author":"He","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.14336\/AD.2018.0503","article-title":"Habitual Meat Consumption and Changes in Sleep Duration and Quality in Older Adults","volume":"10","author":"Lana","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aging Dis."},{"key":"ref_88","first-page":"zsy194","article-title":"Association between Diet Quality and Sleep Apnea in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis","volume":"42","author":"Reid","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.116.131060","article-title":"Probable Insomnia Is Associated with Future Total Energy Intake and Diet Quality in Men","volume":"104","author":"Cheng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.23925","article-title":"Dietary Omega Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Intake and Patient-Reported Outcomes in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: The Michigan Lupus Epidemiology and Surveillance Program","volume":"72","author":"Charoenwoodhipong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tibuakuu, M., Kamimura, D., Kianoush, S., DeFilippis, A.P., Al Rifai, M., Reynolds, L.M., White, W.B., Butler, K.R., Mosley, T.H., and Turner, S.T. (2017). The Association between Cigarette Smoking and Inflammation: The Genetic Epidemiology Network of Arteriopathy (GENOA) Study. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0184914"},{"key":"ref_92","first-page":"1222","article-title":"Smoking, Alcohol Consumption, and Risk of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus in the Black Women\u2019s Health Study","volume":"30","author":"Formica","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2013-204601","article-title":"Current Smoking Status Is a Strong Predictor of Radiographic Progression in Early Rheumatoid Arthritis: Results from the SWEFOT Trial","volume":"74","author":"Saevarsdottir","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1504","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.200213","article-title":"Current Smoking Negatively Affects the Response to Methotrexate in Rheumatoid Arthritis in a Dose-Responsive Way, Independently of Concomitant Prednisone Use","volume":"48","author":"Welsing","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.24154","article-title":"Predictors of Smoking Cessation in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis in Two Cohorts: Most Predictive Health Care Factors","volume":"73","author":"Schletzbaum","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-020-02238-3","article-title":"Assessing the Effect of Nicotine Dose in Cigarette Smoking on Sleep Quality","volume":"25","author":"AlRyalat","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sleep Breath."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2018.10.023","article-title":"Sleep Quality in Cigarette Smokers: Associations with Smoking-Related Outcomes and Exercise","volume":"90","author":"Purani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1037\/a0023128","article-title":"Effect of Night Smoking, Sleep Disturbance, and Their Co-Occurrence on Smoking Outcomes","volume":"25","author":"Peters","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychol. Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref_99","first-page":"3150","article-title":"Interaction between Smoking and Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Not Just Participants","volume":"125","author":"Lin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1093\/fampra\/cmaa112","article-title":"Relevance of Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Smoking: Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Smoking","volume":"38","author":"Esen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fam. Pract."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1007\/s10865-012-9447-8","article-title":"The Relationship among Smoking, Sleep, and Chronic Rheumatic Conditions Commonly Associated with Pain in the National Health Interview Survey","volume":"36","author":"Stipelman","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Behav. Med."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(199807)41:7<1161::AID-ART4>3.0.CO;2-K","article-title":"Systemic Lupus Erythematosus in Three Ethnic Groups: I. The Effects of HLA Class II, C4, and CR1 Alleles, Socioeconomic Factors, and Ethnicity at Disease Onset. LUMINA Study Group. Lupus in Minority Populations, Nature versus Nurture","volume":"41","author":"Reveille","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1002\/art.20989","article-title":"New Classification of HLA-DRB1 Alleles Supports the Shared Epitope Hypothesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis Susceptibility","volume":"52","author":"Michou","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miglioranza Scavuzzi, B., van Drongelen, V., Kaur, B., Fox, J.C., Liu, J., Mesquita-Ferrari, R.A., Kahlenberg, J.M., Farkash, E.A., Benavides, F., and Miller, F.W. (2022). The Lupus Susceptibility Allele DRB1*03:01 Encodes a Disease-Driving Epitope. Commun. Biol., 5.","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-022-03717-x"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bolsius, Y.G., Zurbriggen, M.D., Kim, J.K., Kas, M.J., Meerlo, P., Aton, S.J., and Havekes, R. (2021). The Role of Clock Genes in Sleep, Stress and Memory. Biochem. Pharmacol., 191.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2021.114493"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-018-0097-x","article-title":"The Neurobiological Basis of Narcolepsy","volume":"20","author":"Mahoney","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.32.94","article-title":"Genetics and Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome: A Study of Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) Typing","volume":"32","author":"Yoshizawa","year":"1993","journal-title":"Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410390216","article-title":"HLA Class II Genes Associated with REM Sleep Behavior Disorder","volume":"39","author":"Schenck","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.3892\/br.2015.558","article-title":"5-HTR2A and IL-6 Polymorphisms and Obstructive Sleep Apnea-Hypopnea Syndrome","volume":"4","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomed. Rep."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1159\/000514960","article-title":"Sleep, Orexin and Cognition. Front","volume":"45","author":"Toor","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.12143","article-title":"Narcolepsy with Cataplexy and Comorbid Immunopathological Diseases","volume":"23","author":"Vicario","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Sleep Res."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29480","DOI":"10.1038\/srep29480","article-title":"The Integrative Role of Orexin\/Hypocretin Neurons in Nociceptive Perception and Analgesic Regulation","volume":"6","author":"Inutsuka","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_113","first-page":"851","article-title":"Intra-Accumbal Orexin-1 Receptors Are Involved in Antinociception Induced by Stimulation of the Lateral Hypothalamus in the Formalin Test as an Animal Model of Persistent Inflammatory Pain","volume":"15","author":"Jahangirvand","year":"2016","journal-title":"Iran. J. Pharm. Res. IJPR"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1139\/cjpp-2014-0258","article-title":"Effect of Orexin-A (Hypocretin-1) on Hyperalgesic and Cachectic Manifestations of Experimentally Induced Rheumatoid Arthritis in Rats","volume":"92","author":"Mohamed","year":"2014","journal-title":"Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.07.159","article-title":"Orexin A May Suppress Inflammatory Response in Fibroblast-like Synoviocytes","volume":"107","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1847","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203318778767","article-title":"Cerebrospinal Fluid Orexin-A Levels in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients Presenting with Excessive Daytime Sleepiness","volume":"27","author":"Suzuki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-019-1502-8","article-title":"Interleukin-1-Related Activity and Hypocretin-1 in Cerebrospinal Fluid Contribute to Fatigue in Primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s Syndrome","volume":"16","author":"Brede","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1177\/0004867413481630","article-title":"Persistent Sleep Disturbance Is Associated with Treatment Response in Adolescents with Depression","volume":"47","author":"Manglick","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aust. N. Z. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1097\/01.chi.0000242233.06011.8e","article-title":"Sleep-Related Problems among Children and Adolescents with Anxiety Disorders","volume":"46","author":"Alfano","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1111\/bjhp.12171","article-title":"Psychological Predictors of Pain Severity, Pain Interference, Depression, and Anxiety in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients with Chronic Pain","volume":"21","author":"Ryan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Health Psychol."},{"key":"ref_121","first-page":"474","article-title":"Aerobic Fitness, Fatigue, and Physical Disability in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus","volume":"29","author":"Tench","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Magro, R., and Borg, A.A. (2018). Characterisation of Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus in Malta: A Population Based Cohort Cross-Sectional Study. BioMed Res. Int., 2018.","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/2385386"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cui, Y., Xia, L., Li, L., Zhao, Q., Chen, S., and Gu, Z. (2018). Anxiety and Depression in Primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s Syndrome: A Cross-Sectional Study. BMC Psychiatry, 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-018-1715-x"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Enns, M.W., Bernstein, C.N., Kroeker, K., Graff, L., Walker, J.R., Lix, L.M., Hitchon, C.A., El-Gabalawy, R., Fisk, J.D., and Marrie, R.A. (2018). The Association of Fatigue, Pain, Depression and Anxiety with Work and Activity Impairment in Immune Mediated Inflammatory Diseases. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0198975"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0000000000000644","article-title":"Clinical Pain-Related Outcomes and Inflammatory Cytokine Response to Pain Following Insomnia Improvement in Adults With Knee Osteoarthritis","volume":"34","author":"Heffner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. J. Pain"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/30.9.1145","article-title":"Elevated Inflammatory Markers in Response to Prolonged Sleep Restriction Are Associated with Increased Pain Experience in Healthy Volunteers","volume":"30","author":"Haack","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2021.08.006","article-title":"Sleep Disturbance and Pain in U.S. Adults over 50: Evidence for Reciprocal, Longitudinal Effects","volume":"86","author":"Griffin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2003.09.006","article-title":"Sleep Alterations in an Experimental Orofacial Pain Model in Rats","volume":"993","author":"Andersen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbr.2016.06.002","article-title":"Rheumatoid Arthritis and Sleep Quality","volume":"57","author":"Goes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Reumatol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203313507355","article-title":"Associated Factors and Psychotherapy on Sleep Disturbances in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus","volume":"22","author":"Kasitanon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/32.12.1072","article-title":"Sleep Disturbances in Patients with Primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s Syndrome","volume":"32","author":"Broman","year":"1993","journal-title":"Br. J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2021-221957","article-title":"Low Dose, Add-on Prednisolone in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis Aged 65+: The Pragmatic Randomised, Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled GLORIA Trial","volume":"81","author":"Boers","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1002\/art.21984","article-title":"Population-Based Assessment of Adverse Events Associated with Long-Term Glucocorticoid Use","volume":"55","author":"Curtis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2008.092163","article-title":"Dose-Related Patterns of Glucocorticoid-Induced Side Effects","volume":"68","author":"Huscher","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, Y., Gen, N., Wang, P., Feng, N., and Lu, X. (2022). Prednisolone Induces Sleep Disorders via Inhibition of Melatonin Secretion by the Circadian Rhythm in Zebrafish. Biomed. Pharmacother., 147.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.112590"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-016-1072-4","article-title":"Circadian Variations in Clinical Symptoms and Concentrations of Inflammatory Cytokines, Melatonin, and Cortisol in Polymyalgia Rheumatica before and during Prednisolone Treatment: A Controlled, Observational, Clinical Experimental Study","volume":"18","author":"Galbo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.56.1.27","article-title":"The Timing of Glucocorticoid Administration in Rheumatoid Arthritis","volume":"56","author":"Arvidson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2025","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.100051","article-title":"Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Function in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis Treated with Nighttime-Release Prednisone","volume":"37","author":"Alten","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.5114\/reum.2018.79501","article-title":"Sleep Disorders in Patients with Psoriatic Arthritis and Psoriasis","volume":"56","author":"Placek","year":"2018","journal-title":"Reumatologia"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1111\/1756-185X.12505","article-title":"Sleep Quality in Patients with Psoriatic Arthritis","volume":"20","author":"Gezer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2203","DOI":"10.21037\/apm-20-1380","article-title":"Long-Term Hydroxychloroquine Therapy Improves the Quality of Sleep in Patients with Primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s Syndrome: A Real-World Study","volume":"9","author":"Guan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Palliat. Med."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Omair, M.A., Alahmadi, A., and Johnson, S.R. (2015). Safety and Effectiveness of Mycophenolate in Systemic Sclerosis. A Systematic Review. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0124205"},{"key":"ref_143","first-page":"858","article-title":"Efficacy and Adverse Effects of Methotrexate Compared with Azathioprine in the Antisynthetase Syndrome","volume":"37","author":"Huapaya","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20055","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000020055","article-title":"Sleep Apnea-Hypopnea Syndrome Caused by Ankylosing Spondylitis: A Case Report","volume":"99","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1002\/hpm.3057","article-title":"Why Nobody Discusses the Adverse Psychiatric Effects of Chloroquine in Case It Might Become the Future Treatment against COVID-19?","volume":"35","author":"Nessaibia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Health Plann. Manag."},{"key":"ref_146","first-page":"848","article-title":"Effects of Treatment with Etanercept versus Methotrexate on Sleep Quality, Fatigue and Selected Immune Parameters in Patients with Active Rheumatoid Arthritis","volume":"34","author":"Detert","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt0113-3","article-title":"Pfizer\u2019s First-in-Class JAK Inhibitor Pricey for Rheumatoid Arthritis Market","volume":"31","author":"Garber","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-015-1877-0","article-title":"Adverse Symptoms with Anti-TNF-Alpha Therapy in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Systematic Review and Duration-Response Meta-Analysis","volume":"71","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1186\/cc11304","article-title":"Clinical Review: Serious Adverse Events Associated with the Use of Rituximab\u2014A Critical Care Perspective","volume":"16","author":"Kasi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1080\/14397595.2018.1546357","article-title":"IL-6 Inhibitor for the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"29","author":"Ogata","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mod. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-016-3717-z","article-title":"Risk of Autoimmune Disease in Adults with Chronic Insomnia Requiring Sleep-Inducing Pills: A Population-Based Longitudinal Study","volume":"31","author":"Kok","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Gen. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1177\/1559827619867677","article-title":"Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia: An Effective and Underutilized Treatment for Insomnia","volume":"13","author":"Rossman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Lifestyle Med."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.12594","article-title":"European Guideline for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Insomnia","volume":"26","author":"Riemann","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Sleep Res."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.12297","article-title":"Increased Physical Activity Improves Sleep and Mood Outcomes in Inactive People with Insomnia: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"24","author":"Hartescu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Sleep Res."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2019.03.019","article-title":"Effects of Pilates Training on Sleep Quality, Anxiety, Depression and Fatigue in Postmenopausal Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"124","year":"2019","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1002\/msc.1201","article-title":"Yoga for the Management of Pain and Sleep in Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"16","author":"Ward","year":"2018","journal-title":"Musculoskelet. Care"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1863","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2020.1808904","article-title":"Effects of 12-Week Aerobic Exercise on Patient-Reported Outcomes in Women with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus","volume":"44","author":"Sabio","year":"2022","journal-title":"Disabil. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12770","DOI":"10.1111\/ijn.12770","article-title":"Effects of Physical Activity Counselling in Women with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"25","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Nurs. Pract."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-021-05977-0","article-title":"The Effects of Resistance Training in Patients with Primary Sjogren\u2019s Syndrome","volume":"41","author":"Dardin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.4314\/ahs.v21i3.30","article-title":"Aerobic versus Resistance Exercises on Systemic Inflammation and Sleep Parameters in Obese Subjects with Chronic Insomnia Syndrome","volume":"21","year":"2021","journal-title":"Afr. Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e23868","DOI":"10.2196\/23868","article-title":"Health-Related Quality of Life Improvements in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Derived from a Digital Therapeutic Plus Tele-Health Coaching Intervention: Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial","volume":"22","author":"Khan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqaa019","article-title":"Anti-Inflammatory Diet In Rheumatoid Arthritis (ADIRA)\u2014A Randomized, Controlled Crossover Trial Indicating Effects on Disease Activity","volume":"111","author":"Vadell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203312436854","article-title":"Weight Loss and Improvements in Fatigue in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Controlled Trial of a Low Glycaemic Index Diet versus a Calorie Restricted Diet in Patients Treated with Corticosteroids","volume":"21","author":"Davies","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1080\/03009742.2016.1199733","article-title":"Effects of Cold Mist Shower on Patients with Inflammatory Arthritis: A Crossover Controlled Clinical Trial","volume":"46","author":"Hinkka","year":"2017","journal-title":"Scand. J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1797","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.7422","article-title":"Effects of Curcumin Supplementation on Metabolic Parameters, Inflammatory Factors and Obesity Values in Women with Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial","volume":"36","author":"Rafraf","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctcp.2018.02.017","article-title":"The Effects of Reflexology on Pain and Sleep Deprivation in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Complement","volume":"31","author":"Bakir","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ther. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suzuki, Y., Fukushima, M., Sakuraba, K., Sawaki, K., and Sekigawa, K. (2016). Krill Oil Improves Mild Knee Joint Pain: A Randomized Control Trial. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0162769"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-018-4327-4","article-title":"Subcutaneous Tocilizumab Alone or with a csDMARD in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients: Subanalysis of Italian Data from a Multicenter Phase IIIb\/IV Trial","volume":"38","author":"Bazzichi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2021.105240","article-title":"Trait Positive Affect Buffers the Association between Experimental Sleep Disruption and Inflammation","volume":"129","author":"Hunt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.3233\/BMR-170901","article-title":"Effects of Global Postural Reeducation Exercise and Anti-TNF Treatments on Disease Activity, Function, Fatigue, Mobility, Sleep Quality and Depression in Patients with Active Ankylosing Spondylitis: A Prospective Follow-up Study","volume":"31","author":"Coksevim","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Back Musculoskelet. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-016-3387-6","article-title":"The Evaluation of Sleep Quality and Response to Anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor \u03b1 Therapy in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients","volume":"36","author":"Karatas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2014.12.016","article-title":"Inhibition of Tumor Necrosis Factor Improves Sleep Continuity in Patients with Treatment Resistant Depression and High Inflammation","volume":"47","author":"Weinberger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain. Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2018.04.001","article-title":"The Role of IL-1 in Postprandial Fatigue","volume":"12","author":"Lehrskov","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mcp.0000183062.98665.6b","article-title":"Cytokines and Normal Sleep","volume":"11","author":"Kapsimalis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pulm. Med."},{"key":"ref_175","first-page":"R1185","article-title":"Interleukin-4 Inhibits Spontaneous Sleep in Rabbits","volume":"275","author":"Kushikata","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2014.12.012","article-title":"Manipulating IL-10 Signalling Blockade for Better Immunotherapy","volume":"293","author":"Ni","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/s00482-015-0084-3","article-title":"Efficacy, Tolerability and Safety of Cannabinoids in Chronic Pain Associated with Rheumatic Diseases (Fibromyalgia Syndrome, Back Pain, Osteoarthritis, Rheumatoid Arthritis): A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"30","author":"Fitzcharles","year":"2016","journal-title":"Schmerz"},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2020.0105","article-title":"The Effects of Cannabinoids on Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Cytokines: A Systematic Review of In Vivo Studies","volume":"6","author":"Henshaw","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cannabis Cannabinoid Res."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shyu, B.-C., and Tominaga, M. (2018). Melatonin: A New-Generation Therapy for Reducing Chronic Pain and Improving Sleep Disorder-Related Pain. Advances in Pain Research: Mechanisms and Modulation of Chronic Pain, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-1756-9"},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/s40261-015-0368-5","article-title":"The Safety of Melatonin in Humans","volume":"36","author":"Andersen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Drug Investig."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2021.8098","article-title":"Effect of Sleep Extension on Objectively Assessed Energy Intake Among Adults With Overweight in Real-Life Settings: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"182","author":"Tasali","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e024065","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-024065","article-title":"Effect of Liraglutide on Body Weight and Pain in Patients with Overweight and Knee Osteoarthritis: Protocol for a Randomised, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel-Group, Single-Centre Trial","volume":"9","author":"Gudbergsen","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-05323-7","article-title":"Liraglutide, a Glucagon-like Peptide 1 Receptor Agonist, Exerts Analgesic, Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Degradative Actions in Osteoarthritis","volume":"12","author":"Meurot","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2021-eular.1849","article-title":"Pos0373 Liraglutide Has Potent Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Catabolic in Vitro Activities in Osteoarthritis","volume":"80","author":"Berenbaum","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/13\/13\/3656\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:03:04Z","timestamp":1760108584000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/13\/13\/3656"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,22]]},"references-count":184,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm13133656"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm13133656","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,22]]}}}