{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T16:01:12Z","timestamp":1779206472985,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,25]],"date-time":"2024-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719273600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The application of artificial intelligence (AI) is gaining popularity in modern dentistry. AI has been successfully used to interpret dental panoramic radiographs (DPRs) and quickly screen large groups of patients. This cross-sectional study aimed to perform a population-based assessment of the oral health status and treatment needs of the residents of Kielce, Poland, and the surrounding area based on DPR analysis performed by a high-accuracy AI algorithm trained with over 250,000 radiographs. Methods: This study included adults who had a panoramic radiograph performed, regardless of indications. The following diagnoses were used for analysis: (1) dental caries, (2) missing tooth, (3) dental filling, (4) root canal filling, (5) endodontic lesion, (6) implant, (7) implant abutment crown, (8) pontic crown, (9) dental abutment crown, and (10) sound tooth. The study sample included 980 subjects. Results: The patients had an average of 15 sound teeth, with the domination of the lower dental arch over the upper one. The most commonly identified pathology was dental caries, which affected 99% of participants. A total of 67% of patients underwent root canal treatment. Every fifth endodontically treated tooth presented a periapical lesion. Of study group members, 82% lost at least one tooth. Pontics were identified more often (9%) than implants (2%) in replacing missing teeth. Conclusions: DPR assessment by AI has proven to be an efficient method for population analysis. Despite recent improvements in the oral health status of Polish residents, its level is still unsatisfactory and suggests the need to improve oral health. However, due to some limitations of this study, the results should be interpreted with caution.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13133686","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,25]],"date-time":"2024-06-25T12:46:56Z","timestamp":1719319616000},"page":"3686","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Oral Health Status and Treatment Needs Based on Artificial Intelligence (AI) Dental Panoramic Radiograph (DPR) Analysis: A Cross-Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8075-9989","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia","family":"Turosz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital of the Ministry of Interior, Wojska Polskiego 51, 25-375 Kielce, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5113-9817","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kamila","family":"Ch\u0119ci\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Glass Technology and Amorphous Coatings, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Cracow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6199-4753","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maciej","family":"Ch\u0119ci\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Surgery, Preventive Medicine Center, Komorowskiego 12, 30-106 Cracow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-4548-5819","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iwo","family":"Ruta\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Optident sp. z o.o., ul. Eugeniusza Kwiatkowskiego 4, 52-326 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7130-5480","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcin","family":"Sielski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital of the Ministry of Interior, Wojska Polskiego 51, 25-375 Kielce, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3348-1950","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maciej","family":"Sikora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital of the Ministry of Interior, Wojska Polskiego 51, 25-375 Kielce, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Powsta\u0144c\u00f3w Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1007\/s41894-021-00111-4","article-title":"Panoramic Radiography in Dentistry","volume":"5","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Dent. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Iannucci, J., and Howerton, L.J. (2021). Dental Radiography\u2014Principles and Techniques, Elsevier. [6th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oooo.2019.11.007","article-title":"Application of a Fully Deep Convolutional Neural Network to the Automation of Tooth Segmentation on Panoramic Radiographs","volume":"129","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1093\/dmfr\/twae002","article-title":"Panoramic Imaging Errors in Machine Learning Model Development: A Systematic Review","volume":"53","author":"Delamare","year":"2024","journal-title":"Dentomaxillofacial Radiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2257","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-020-03544-6","article-title":"Artificial Intelligence-Driven Novel Tool for Tooth Detection and Segmentation on Panoramic Radiographs","volume":"25","author":"Leite","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20230284","DOI":"10.1259\/dmfr.20230284","article-title":"Applications of Artificial Intelligence in the Analysis of Dental Panoramic Radiographs: An Overview of Systematic Reviews","volume":"52","author":"Turosz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dentomaxillofacial Radiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patil, S., Albogami, S., Hosmani, J., Mujoo, S., Kamil, M.A., Mansour, M.A., Abdul, H.N., Bhandi, S., and Ahmed, S.S.S.J. (2022). Artificial Intelligence in the Diagnosis of Oral Diseases: Applications and Pitfalls. Diagnostics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12051029"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zadro\u017cny, \u0141., Regulski, P., Brus-Sawczuk, K., Czajkowska, M., Parkanyi, L., Ganz, S., and Mijiritsky, E. (2022). Artificial Intelligence Application in Assessment of Panoramic Radiographs. Diagnostics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12010224"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"(2024, April 10). The Digital Landscape of Dentistry: Dental AI Software\u2014Diagnocat. Available online: https:\/\/diagnocat.com\/eu\/blog\/the-digital-landscape-of-dentistry-dental-ai-software\/."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"(2024, May 30). PRESS RELEASE: Artificial Intelligence Takes Root\u2014AI Insights Delivers Automatic Panoramic Image Analysis and Reporting in Seconds. Available online: https:\/\/www.carestreamdental.com\/en-emea\/training-resources\/emea-newsroom\/english\/posts\/2022\/press-release-artificial-intelligence-takes-root--ai-insights-delivers-automatic-panoramic-image-analysis-and-reporting-in-seconds\/."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2022.104301","article-title":"Evaluation of an Artificial Intelligence Web-Based Software to Detect and Classify Dental Structures and Treatments in Panoramic Radiographs","volume":"126","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20210197","DOI":"10.1259\/dmfr.20210197","article-title":"Current Applications and Development of Artificial Intelligence for Digital Dental Radiography","volume":"51","author":"Putra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dento Maxillo Facial Radiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/s41747-018-0061-6","article-title":"Artificial Intelligence in Medical Imaging: Threat or Opportunity? Radiologists Again at the Forefront of Innovation in Medicine","volume":"2","author":"Pesapane","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol. Exp."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shafi, I., Fatima, A., Afzal, H., D\u00edez, I.d.l.T., Lipari, V., Bre\u00f1osa, J., and Ashraf, I. (2023). A Comprehensive Review of Recent Advances in Artificial Intelligence for Dentistry E-Health. Diagnostics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13132196"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chan, A.K.Y., Tamrakar, M., Jiang, C.M., Lo, E.C.M., Leung, K.C.M., and Chu, C.H. (2021). A Systematic Review on Caries Status of Older Adults. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182010662"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Olczak-Kowalczyk, D. (2024, March 30). Monitorowanie Stanu Zdrowia Populacji Polskiej w Latach 2016\u20132020. Choroba Pr\u00f3chnicowa i Stan Tkanek Przyz\u0119bia Populacji Polskiej. Podsumowanie Wynik\u00f3w Bada\u0144 z Lat 2016\u20132019. Sekcja Druk\u00f3w Uczelnianych Warszawskiego Uniwersytetu Medycznego Warszawa, Poland, 2021, Available online: https:\/\/www.gov.pl\/attachment\/e837445b-41ef-4b49-b261-d21d869e0018\/."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2021.04.013","article-title":"Study Designs for Comparative Diagnostic Test Accuracy: A Methodological Review and Classification Scheme","volume":"138","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cejudo, J.E., Chaurasia, A., Feldberg, B., Krois, J., and Schwendicke, F. (2021). Classification of Dental Radiographs Using Deep Learning. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10071496"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2019.03.016","article-title":"Deep Learning for the Radiographic Detection of Apical Lesions","volume":"45","author":"Ekert","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"(2024, March 18). Dziennik Urz\u0119dowy Ministra Zdrowia Obwieszczenie Ministra Zdrowia z Dnia 10 Listopada 2015 r. w Sprawie Og\u0142oszenia Wykazu Wzorcowych Procedur Radiologicznych z Zakresu Radiologii\u2014Diagnostyki Obrazowej i Radiologii Zabiegowej, Available online: https:\/\/dziennikmz.mz.gov.pl\/DUM_MZ\/2015\/78\/akt.pdf."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aller.2010.02.002","article-title":"Measures of Frequency, Magnitude of Association and Impact in Epidemiology","volume":"38","year":"2010","journal-title":"Allergol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"(2024, February 07). What Is Prevalence?\u2014National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), Available online: https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/statistics\/what-is-prevalence."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"(2024, February 07). Correlation Coefficient\u2014An Overview|ScienceDirect Topics. Available online: https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/topics\/earth-and-planetary-sciences\/correlation-coefficient."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"(2024, June 18). Carestream Dental|AI Insights. Available online: https:\/\/www.carestreamdental.com\/en-gb\/csd-products\/software\/imaging-software\/ai-insights\/."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-1697839","article-title":"Prevalence of Caries on Individual Tooth Surfaces and Its Distribution by Age and Gender in University Clinic Patients","volume":"4","author":"Demirci","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1159\/000016592","article-title":"Ten-Year Incidence of Dental Caries in Adult and Elderly Chinese","volume":"34","author":"Luan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Caries Res."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"38","article-title":"Caries Susceptibility of Proximal Surfaces in Permanent First Molars: A Cross Sectional Survey","volume":"14","author":"Hassan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Islam. Int. Med. Coll. JIIMC"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"42","article-title":"Knowledge of Consequences of Missing Teeth in Patients Attending Prosthetic Clinic in U.C.H. Ibadan","volume":"12","author":"Dosumu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Ib. Postgrad. Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10367","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.10367","article-title":"Third Molar Agenesis in Modern Humans with and without Agenesis of Other Teeth","volume":"8","author":"Scheiwiller","year":"2020","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2005.07.026","article-title":"Orthodontists\u2019 and Surgeons\u2019 Opinions on the Role of Third Molars as a Cause of DENTAL crowding","volume":"132","author":"Lindauer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lyros, I., Vasoglou, G., Lykogeorgos, T., Tsolakis, I.A., Maroulakos, M.P., Fora, E., and Tsolakis, A.I. (2023). The Effect of Third Molars on the Mandibular Anterior Crowding Relapse\u2014A Systematic Review. Dent. J., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/dj11050131"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"1","article-title":"The Evolution of Third Molars in Orthodontics: What about Anterior Dental Crowding?\u2014A Systematic Review","volume":"9","author":"Assali","year":"2022","journal-title":"Integr. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.13822","article-title":"Prevalence of Root Canal Treatment Worldwide: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"55","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. Endod. J."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"American Association of Endodontists (2020). Glossary of Endodontic Terms, American Association of Endodontists."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tripleo.2011.01.010","article-title":"Examination of the Prevalence of Periapical Lesions and Technical Quality of Endodontic Treatment in a Turkish Subpopulation","volume":"112","year":"2011","journal-title":"Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. Endod."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"e25619","article-title":"Prevalence of Endodontically Treated Premolars and Molars With Untreated Canals and Their Association With Apical Periodontitis Using Cone-Beam Computed Tomography","volume":"14","author":"Alnowailaty","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2591.1996.tb01361.x","article-title":"Time-Course and Risk Analyses of the Development and Healing of Chronic Apical Periodontitis in Man","volume":"29","author":"Orstavik","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int. Endod. J."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.13993","article-title":"Predictors of Periapical Bone Healing Associated with Teeth Having Large Periapical Lesions Following Nonsurgical Root Canal Treatment or Retreatment: A Cone Beam Computed Tomography-Based Retrospective Study","volume":"57","author":"Sans","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. Endod. J."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Daviet-Noual, V., Ejeil, A.-L., Gossiome, C., Moreau, N., and Salmon, B. (2017). Differentiating Early Stage Florid Osseous Dysplasia from Periapical Endodontic Lesions: A Radiological-Based Diagnostic Algorithm. BMC Oral Health, 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-017-0455-5"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cden.2019.08.010","article-title":"Differential Diagnosis of Periapical Radiopacities and Radiolucencies","volume":"64","author":"Mupparapu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dent. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-0707.111330","article-title":"Conservative Management of Progressive External Inflammatory Root Resorption after Traumatic Tooth Intrusion","volume":"16","author":"Ghafoor","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Conserv. Dent."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.17219\/acem\/174032","article-title":"Evaluation of Patients\u2019 Awareness and Knowledge Regarding Dental Implants among Patients of the Department of Prosthetic Dentistry at Wroclaw Medical University in Poland","volume":"32","author":"Bogucki","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Clin. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034518792567","article-title":"Trends in Dental Implant Use in the U.S., 1999\u20132016, and Projections to 2026","volume":"97","author":"Elani","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12474","article-title":"Complications and Treatment Errors in Implant Positioning in the Aesthetic Zone: Diagnosis and Possible Solutions","volume":"92","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Periodontology 2000"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-0707.73382","article-title":"Are Full Cast Crowns Mandatory after Endodontic Treatment in Posterior Teeth?","volume":"13","author":"Tikku","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Conserv. Dent."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"White, S.C., and Pharoah, M.J. (2009). Oral Radiology\u2014Principles and Interpretation, MOSBY Elsevier. [6th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1259\/dmfr\/30526171","article-title":"Proximal Caries Detection Accuracy Using Intraoral Bitewing Radiography, Extraoral Bitewing Radiography and PANORAMIC radiography","volume":"41","author":"Kolsuz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dentomaxillofacial Radiol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.5051\/jpis.2018.48.5.317","article-title":"Panoramic Radiography Can Be an Effective Diagnostic Tool Adjunctive to Oral Examinations in the National Health Checkup Program","volume":"48","author":"Kweon","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Periodontal Implant. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s13244-014-0379-4","article-title":"Dentomaxillofacial Imaging with Panoramic Views and Cone Beam CT","volume":"6","author":"Suomalainen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Insights Imaging"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584138","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/584138","article-title":"Common Errors in Digital Panoramic Radiographs of Patients with Mixed Dentition and Patients with Permanent Dentition","volume":"2012","author":"Peretz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"(2024, May 19). Dziennik Ustaw Rzeczpospolitej Polskiej, Rozporz\u0105dzenie Ministra Zdrowia z Dnia 8 Grudnia 2017 r, Available online: https:\/\/isap.sejm.gov.pl\/isap.nsf\/download.xsp\/WDU20170002397\/O\/D20172397.pdf."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8495","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-44839-3","article-title":"Deep Learning for the Radiographic Detection of Periodontal Bone Loss","volume":"9","author":"Krois","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"816","article-title":"Artificial Intelligence Models for Diagnosing Gingivitis and Periodontal Disease: A Systematic Review","volume":"130","author":"Barmak","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Prosthet. Dent."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prosdent.2021.05.008","article-title":"Artificial Intelligence Applications in Implant Dentistry: A Systematic Review","volume":"129","author":"Vyas","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Prosthet. Dent."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/13\/13\/3686\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:03:54Z","timestamp":1760108634000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/13\/13\/3686"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,25]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm13133686"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm13133686","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,25]]}}}